TheNocturnalEgyptian
5th April 2010, 09:49 PM
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/000025.htm
How We Got Fluoridated
by Phil Heggen
Chronology - 1909 to 1938
1909 Alcoa was now producing 16,500 tons of aluminum per year and releasing 132 tons of hydrogen fluoride air pollutants per year.
1909 Pennsylvania law prohibits use of fluoride compounds in food -- including water.
1916 The National Research Council, a subgroup of the National Academy of Sciences, is organized as an independent, non-government group. It would provide a close liaison between the USPHS and American Industry, and came to represent industry through the affiliations of its membership. Government agencies came to pass on their chartered responsibilities by taking recommendations from NRC, instead of using their own professsional staff. Decisions affecting industry came to be handled this way, to the great advantage of industry.
1922 Aluminum cookware is introduced in the US. Aluminum production increases, along with production of the toxic waste product, sodium fluoride.
1922 As an interesting comparison, tetraethyl lead was introduced in this year and concerns were expressed about introducing this substance into a combustion fuel. Corporations ignored such warnings and said, in effect, they could do what they wanted, setting the standard for corporate behavior for the rest of the century. As a consequence, tens of millions of Americans suffered permanent brain damage and IQ deficits from exposure to lead dust.
It was decades before laws were passed stopping the use of lead in gasoline and in paint. It is now known that fluorides like lead, attack the central nervous system but are even more toxic than lead.
The Safe Drinking water Act of 1974 requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in the drinking water. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) for lead was set at zero and the Action Level (requiring a monitoring program) was set at 15 parts per billion. The EPA Office of Water states that corrosion of plumbing is by far the greatest cause of concern regarding lead in the environment. The fluorides used in water fluoridation are more toxic than lead and also "cause corrosion of plumbing and leaching of lead from water pipe joints."
In spite of these facts, EPA has "increased" the Action Level for fluoride to 4.0 ppm, which is 268 times greater than for lead, even though the fluoride used in public water is more toxic than lead.
1925 The Kettering Laboratory is set up by an industrial consortium to do contract research work on chemical hazards in industrial operations. The research findings are hid from public view.
1925 Andrew Mellon becomes US Treasurer. The USPHS is under the direct jurisdiction of the Department of the Treasury. Andrew Mellon was a founder and major stockholder of Alcoa, the main producer of toxic fluoride waste materials. During the 1920s there was growing concern abroad, and in our own Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Mines over fluoride as a public hazard -- but not in the Public Health Service. During this decade, no mention of fluoride can be found in the official USPHS publication, Public Health Reports. Also in 1925, the Mellon Institute was founded by Andrew and Richard Mellon, former owners of Alcoa.
1930 The world's first major hydrogen fluoride fog disaster occurred in the Meuse Valley, Belgium. Six thousand people became violently ill, and sixty died in this episode. Many cattle were also killed. The Danish scientist, Kaj Roholm studied the aftereffects of this episode and the subject of fluorine poisoning. His classic work, Fluorine Intoxication, published in London and Copenhagen, is unique to this day, as it examined in detail substantial numbers of human subjects poisoned by a well defined and dated episode.
1931 A considerable portion of Kettering Laboratory's facilities are dedicated to the study of fluorides, initially with investigations into Freon 12 gas. Under contract, the studies are not released to the public. Hydrogen fluoride air pollution from Alcoa's Pittsburgh smelters were causing mottled teeth in the area's children. Alcoa's chief chemist ignores this known relationship and announces that fluoride in the drinking water is responsible. That successful camouflage was to be used later as a reason to fluoridate water supplies of cities with the worst fluoride air pollution, thereby diverting attention from air pollution.
1931 USPHS dentist, H. Trendley Dean, is dispatched by Alcoa founder, Andrew Mellon, to certain remote towns in the Western US where water wells have a naturally high concentration of calcium fluoride. Dean's mission would be to find out how much calcium fluoride young children could tolerate before there was obvious visible damage to their teeth.
1933 Dr. Lloyd DeEds, Senior Toxicologist with the Department of Agriculture published a sixty page review on chronic fluorine poisoning (Medicine 12:1-60 (Feb)1933): "Only recently, that is within the last ten years, has the serious nature of fluorine toxicity been realized, particularly with regard to chronic intoxication. It is from the viewpoint of chronic intoxication that fluorine is of importance to the public health." He discussed poisoning of vegetation and livestock near aluminum plants; and pointed out that superphosphate plants were annually pouring 25,000 tons of fluorine into the air and adding 90,000 tons to the topsoil each year.
1935 From now on, and in the face of growing fluoride air pollution, the USPHS described "mottling" as a "water-borne disease," and began investigating the extent of the disorder in the US.
1938 H. Trendley Dean and the USPHS conduct the "Galesburg-Quincy" study, one of the two studies upon which water fluoridation rests (the other is the "21 cities" study, done in 1939 and 1940). On these two studies rested the "fluorine-dental caries hypothesis" which was to be tested in the experiments at Grand Rapids, Michigan, Newburgh, New York, and Brantford, Ontario.
Note: These studies were later examined by non-government expert statisticians and found to be statistically flawed, as well as having a significant number of other serious problems, making the studies worthless. (see Fluoride the Aging Factor by Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, p. 119-123. also: Fluoridation Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, by Philip R. N. Sutton, DDSc, LDS, Senior Research Fellow, Dept of Oral Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, in collaboration with Sir Arthur B. P. Amies, Dean of the Dental School, University of Melbourne) It is interesting to note that Dean visited Galesburg earlier on a mottled enamel survey in 1934 and listed Galesburg as a city that "lacked the requisites for quantitative evaluation."
A Federally Funded National Strategy Supporting Big Industry
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/000026.htm
It was a quirk of fate that the early industrial secrecy surrounding fluoride in America was to be strongly reinforced by the federal government for reasons of national security. Uranium hexafluoride used in vast quantities was the key chemical compound in the production of the atomic bomb, and extensive government information on the serious health risks of fluoride was kept secret both during and after World War II. This helps explain how the fluoride industries were able to get virtually total cooperation from government agencies in covering up industry's fluoride pollution.
When the concept of water fluoridation surfaced around 1939, it was quickly seized by big industry and turned into a relentless, no-holds-barred drive for universal fluoridation. This drive was then implemented by the US Public Health Service as if it were a military mandate -- a "mission."
USPHS was ideal for this mission, being organized in a similar way to the US Armed Forces. Its officers are commissioned and expected to obey orders of the Surgeon General. The common public view of the Surgeon General as an impeccable and totally objective authority is often naive. In the real world the Surgeon General is expected to support and carry out current policy. If a particular policy, such as water fluoridation is supported successively by two or more Surgeons General, it would be naive to think this proves the policy is based on science.
USPHS has a Dental Corps which is closely associated with those in the American Dental Association (ADA) and holds inter locking memberships on its boards, committees, and councils. Significantly, officers of the USPHS also sit on the editorial boards of every important medical and dental journal in the United States.
In their national strategy for universal fluoridation, USPHS utilized state and regional health departments as ersatz field headquarters. Strongly biased literature was used, such as the Kettering Abstracts published in 1963, and the key ADA propaganda piece, "Fluoridation Facts," first published in 1960, and used to this day, although it is proved lacking in credibility by its own references. As this pamphlet was published more than three decades ago and is still uncorrected, one can only call it fraudulent. This promotional material was distributed to health departments and agencies throughout the country.
The disinformation campaign conducted by USPHS has been extended since the 1960s down to local health districts, sometimes employing state or field fluoridation coordinators. With a national communications network of state and regional health departments in place, community assessments can be made and those showing the least resistance are targeted first. The most successful tactics used in previously fluoridated communities are employed on prospective communities. The USPHS campaign has involved literally hundreds of such intrusions on communities, and has become a fine-tuned operation. District health department officials typically contact city councils with a strongly biased sales pitch and promises of federal funding. The attempt is often made to get city councils to vote and rule on the fluoridation issue without a public vote. In some cases, where it is legal, this may involve overriding previous public vote, even though it directly affects all the people in the community on a daily basis.
When a community is overrun by such tactics, the victory often gets wide publicity, as practiced in psychological warfare. Further, there is strong circumstantial evidence that the USPHS campaign includes overturning state laws that interfere with the USPHS "mission." For example, in the State of Washington, the State Code prohibiting city councils from directly overriding previous public vote was successfully used in Spokane in 1984 to stop fluoridation in that city. The following year that State Code was overturned with no motivation from within Washington. When viewed in the larger context revealed in this chronicle, such circumstantial evidence is compelling toward showing that the Public Health Service was instrumental in overtuning the State Law obstructing their mission.
It has been a priority of big industry to settle lawsuits out of court. This prevents legal precedents being set on fluoride damage, which could open the way for further litigation. A good example involved the Troutdale, Oregon aluminum plant east of Portland, which was operated by Alcoa during World War II. After the war some millions in damage suits were filed, and many hundreds of thousands of dollars were paid in settlements from the new renter of the plant, Reynolds Metals Co.
One such suit was for serious injuries to members of the Paul Martin family. It was considered so important by big industry that an armada of six corporations all joined in the suit as "friends of the court." They were Alcoa, Kaiser, Harvey Aluminum, Olin-Mathieson, Victor Chemical, and Food Machinery and Chemical. When it appeared that the Martin family might win their case, an out of court settlement was arranged by purchasing the Martin ranch at an inflated price. Once again, a potentially important legal precedent did not get into the legal record.
(section 3) - 1939 to 1959
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/000027.htm
1939 The concept of fluoridation now arises as an alternative method of disposing of industrial waste chemicals, with the attractive prospect of enormous disposal expense being replaced by great profit due to the annual volume of these materials being in the hundreds of thousands of tons. This fact was confirmed with approval in a 1983 letter written by Rebecca Hanmer, Assistant Administrator, from EPA Office of Water. Copies of this letter have been widely exhibited as a smoking gun.
1939 The Hatch Act was passed after revelations that employees of the WPA, a New Deal agency, were pressured to make political contributions. The new Act protected against a politicized federal work force. It also prohibited any federally funded agency, whether county, state, or federal, from trying to influence public referenda. Since the beginning of the effort to fluoridate water in the 1940s, however, the Hatch Act has been repeatedly and flagrantly violated
1939 On Sept 29, Mellon Institute scientist, Gerald J. Cox, begins his major role in the promotion of fluoridation by saying, "the present trend toward removal of fluorides from food and water may need reversal."
Note: Scientist Cox also had this to say in 1939: "Fluorides are among the most toxic of substances. Mottled enamel results from as little as 0.0001 percent of fluorine in the drinking water. Every use of water must be examined before fluoridation can begin." (Journal of the American Water Works Assn. pp. 1926-1930, Nov 1939). Despite all of this, Alcoa sponsored biochemist, Gerald J. Cox, fluoridates rats in his lab and mysteriously concludes that "fluoride reduces cavities." He makes a public proposal that the US should fluoridate its water supply. Cox begins to tour the US, stumping for fluoridation.
1939 The American Water Works Association decided there was sufficient evidence about fluoride to classify it as a hazardous material, like lead and arsenic. It then suggested that drinking water should contain no more than 0.1 ppm fluoride.
1941 Instead of forbidding the dumping of fluoride in water, the USPHS regulations set 1.0 ppm of fluoride as the maximum tolerance allowed in a public water supply. This allowed industries to continue to dump fluoride wastes into rivers.
1941 In December, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. All anti-pollution regulations are suspended. Many parts of America now suffer hydrogen fluoride air pollution on an unprecedented scale. Major fluoride hazards develop in war materials production of WWII, consolidating government collusion with big industry on a cover up of fluoride hazards.
1942 In England, a Lancet report showed that out of 589 London children, 28% had mottled teeth. According to Alcoa's chief chemist and the USPHS, London's drinking water should contain well over one ppm fluoride to account for this. Tests showed just 0.19 ppm. Hydrogen fluoride from air pollution was the probable cause, related to the heavy use of coal for fuel, a known source of HF.
1942 Hydrogen fluoride supplants sulfuric acid as a catalyst in the production of high test gasoline in Los Angeles. One such plant required 500-750 tons of HF yearly (Fluorine Industry Chem. and Met. Eng., 52:94-99 Mar. 1945).
1943 Planning began on the Newburgh, NY, Fluoridation Demonstration Project. Atomic bomb program scientists played a prominent but unpublicised role in this first US fluoridation experiment. Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production. Millions of tons of fluoride were needed for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons. Today, memos released under the Freedom of Information Act show that scientists from the atomic bomb program secretly shaped and guided the Newburgh fluoridation experiment. This reveals the US government conflict of interest and its motive to prove fluoride safe.
1944 Oscar Ewing is put on the payroll of the Aluminum Company of America as an attorney.
Continue to the post-war scandal...
How We Got Fluoridated
by Phil Heggen
Chronology - 1909 to 1938
1909 Alcoa was now producing 16,500 tons of aluminum per year and releasing 132 tons of hydrogen fluoride air pollutants per year.
1909 Pennsylvania law prohibits use of fluoride compounds in food -- including water.
1916 The National Research Council, a subgroup of the National Academy of Sciences, is organized as an independent, non-government group. It would provide a close liaison between the USPHS and American Industry, and came to represent industry through the affiliations of its membership. Government agencies came to pass on their chartered responsibilities by taking recommendations from NRC, instead of using their own professsional staff. Decisions affecting industry came to be handled this way, to the great advantage of industry.
1922 Aluminum cookware is introduced in the US. Aluminum production increases, along with production of the toxic waste product, sodium fluoride.
1922 As an interesting comparison, tetraethyl lead was introduced in this year and concerns were expressed about introducing this substance into a combustion fuel. Corporations ignored such warnings and said, in effect, they could do what they wanted, setting the standard for corporate behavior for the rest of the century. As a consequence, tens of millions of Americans suffered permanent brain damage and IQ deficits from exposure to lead dust.
It was decades before laws were passed stopping the use of lead in gasoline and in paint. It is now known that fluorides like lead, attack the central nervous system but are even more toxic than lead.
The Safe Drinking water Act of 1974 requires EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in the drinking water. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) for lead was set at zero and the Action Level (requiring a monitoring program) was set at 15 parts per billion. The EPA Office of Water states that corrosion of plumbing is by far the greatest cause of concern regarding lead in the environment. The fluorides used in water fluoridation are more toxic than lead and also "cause corrosion of plumbing and leaching of lead from water pipe joints."
In spite of these facts, EPA has "increased" the Action Level for fluoride to 4.0 ppm, which is 268 times greater than for lead, even though the fluoride used in public water is more toxic than lead.
1925 The Kettering Laboratory is set up by an industrial consortium to do contract research work on chemical hazards in industrial operations. The research findings are hid from public view.
1925 Andrew Mellon becomes US Treasurer. The USPHS is under the direct jurisdiction of the Department of the Treasury. Andrew Mellon was a founder and major stockholder of Alcoa, the main producer of toxic fluoride waste materials. During the 1920s there was growing concern abroad, and in our own Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Mines over fluoride as a public hazard -- but not in the Public Health Service. During this decade, no mention of fluoride can be found in the official USPHS publication, Public Health Reports. Also in 1925, the Mellon Institute was founded by Andrew and Richard Mellon, former owners of Alcoa.
1930 The world's first major hydrogen fluoride fog disaster occurred in the Meuse Valley, Belgium. Six thousand people became violently ill, and sixty died in this episode. Many cattle were also killed. The Danish scientist, Kaj Roholm studied the aftereffects of this episode and the subject of fluorine poisoning. His classic work, Fluorine Intoxication, published in London and Copenhagen, is unique to this day, as it examined in detail substantial numbers of human subjects poisoned by a well defined and dated episode.
1931 A considerable portion of Kettering Laboratory's facilities are dedicated to the study of fluorides, initially with investigations into Freon 12 gas. Under contract, the studies are not released to the public. Hydrogen fluoride air pollution from Alcoa's Pittsburgh smelters were causing mottled teeth in the area's children. Alcoa's chief chemist ignores this known relationship and announces that fluoride in the drinking water is responsible. That successful camouflage was to be used later as a reason to fluoridate water supplies of cities with the worst fluoride air pollution, thereby diverting attention from air pollution.
1931 USPHS dentist, H. Trendley Dean, is dispatched by Alcoa founder, Andrew Mellon, to certain remote towns in the Western US where water wells have a naturally high concentration of calcium fluoride. Dean's mission would be to find out how much calcium fluoride young children could tolerate before there was obvious visible damage to their teeth.
1933 Dr. Lloyd DeEds, Senior Toxicologist with the Department of Agriculture published a sixty page review on chronic fluorine poisoning (Medicine 12:1-60 (Feb)1933): "Only recently, that is within the last ten years, has the serious nature of fluorine toxicity been realized, particularly with regard to chronic intoxication. It is from the viewpoint of chronic intoxication that fluorine is of importance to the public health." He discussed poisoning of vegetation and livestock near aluminum plants; and pointed out that superphosphate plants were annually pouring 25,000 tons of fluorine into the air and adding 90,000 tons to the topsoil each year.
1935 From now on, and in the face of growing fluoride air pollution, the USPHS described "mottling" as a "water-borne disease," and began investigating the extent of the disorder in the US.
1938 H. Trendley Dean and the USPHS conduct the "Galesburg-Quincy" study, one of the two studies upon which water fluoridation rests (the other is the "21 cities" study, done in 1939 and 1940). On these two studies rested the "fluorine-dental caries hypothesis" which was to be tested in the experiments at Grand Rapids, Michigan, Newburgh, New York, and Brantford, Ontario.
Note: These studies were later examined by non-government expert statisticians and found to be statistically flawed, as well as having a significant number of other serious problems, making the studies worthless. (see Fluoride the Aging Factor by Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, p. 119-123. also: Fluoridation Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, by Philip R. N. Sutton, DDSc, LDS, Senior Research Fellow, Dept of Oral Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, in collaboration with Sir Arthur B. P. Amies, Dean of the Dental School, University of Melbourne) It is interesting to note that Dean visited Galesburg earlier on a mottled enamel survey in 1934 and listed Galesburg as a city that "lacked the requisites for quantitative evaluation."
A Federally Funded National Strategy Supporting Big Industry
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/000026.htm
It was a quirk of fate that the early industrial secrecy surrounding fluoride in America was to be strongly reinforced by the federal government for reasons of national security. Uranium hexafluoride used in vast quantities was the key chemical compound in the production of the atomic bomb, and extensive government information on the serious health risks of fluoride was kept secret both during and after World War II. This helps explain how the fluoride industries were able to get virtually total cooperation from government agencies in covering up industry's fluoride pollution.
When the concept of water fluoridation surfaced around 1939, it was quickly seized by big industry and turned into a relentless, no-holds-barred drive for universal fluoridation. This drive was then implemented by the US Public Health Service as if it were a military mandate -- a "mission."
USPHS was ideal for this mission, being organized in a similar way to the US Armed Forces. Its officers are commissioned and expected to obey orders of the Surgeon General. The common public view of the Surgeon General as an impeccable and totally objective authority is often naive. In the real world the Surgeon General is expected to support and carry out current policy. If a particular policy, such as water fluoridation is supported successively by two or more Surgeons General, it would be naive to think this proves the policy is based on science.
USPHS has a Dental Corps which is closely associated with those in the American Dental Association (ADA) and holds inter locking memberships on its boards, committees, and councils. Significantly, officers of the USPHS also sit on the editorial boards of every important medical and dental journal in the United States.
In their national strategy for universal fluoridation, USPHS utilized state and regional health departments as ersatz field headquarters. Strongly biased literature was used, such as the Kettering Abstracts published in 1963, and the key ADA propaganda piece, "Fluoridation Facts," first published in 1960, and used to this day, although it is proved lacking in credibility by its own references. As this pamphlet was published more than three decades ago and is still uncorrected, one can only call it fraudulent. This promotional material was distributed to health departments and agencies throughout the country.
The disinformation campaign conducted by USPHS has been extended since the 1960s down to local health districts, sometimes employing state or field fluoridation coordinators. With a national communications network of state and regional health departments in place, community assessments can be made and those showing the least resistance are targeted first. The most successful tactics used in previously fluoridated communities are employed on prospective communities. The USPHS campaign has involved literally hundreds of such intrusions on communities, and has become a fine-tuned operation. District health department officials typically contact city councils with a strongly biased sales pitch and promises of federal funding. The attempt is often made to get city councils to vote and rule on the fluoridation issue without a public vote. In some cases, where it is legal, this may involve overriding previous public vote, even though it directly affects all the people in the community on a daily basis.
When a community is overrun by such tactics, the victory often gets wide publicity, as practiced in psychological warfare. Further, there is strong circumstantial evidence that the USPHS campaign includes overturning state laws that interfere with the USPHS "mission." For example, in the State of Washington, the State Code prohibiting city councils from directly overriding previous public vote was successfully used in Spokane in 1984 to stop fluoridation in that city. The following year that State Code was overturned with no motivation from within Washington. When viewed in the larger context revealed in this chronicle, such circumstantial evidence is compelling toward showing that the Public Health Service was instrumental in overtuning the State Law obstructing their mission.
It has been a priority of big industry to settle lawsuits out of court. This prevents legal precedents being set on fluoride damage, which could open the way for further litigation. A good example involved the Troutdale, Oregon aluminum plant east of Portland, which was operated by Alcoa during World War II. After the war some millions in damage suits were filed, and many hundreds of thousands of dollars were paid in settlements from the new renter of the plant, Reynolds Metals Co.
One such suit was for serious injuries to members of the Paul Martin family. It was considered so important by big industry that an armada of six corporations all joined in the suit as "friends of the court." They were Alcoa, Kaiser, Harvey Aluminum, Olin-Mathieson, Victor Chemical, and Food Machinery and Chemical. When it appeared that the Martin family might win their case, an out of court settlement was arranged by purchasing the Martin ranch at an inflated price. Once again, a potentially important legal precedent did not get into the legal record.
(section 3) - 1939 to 1959
http://www.rvi.net/~fluoride/000027.htm
1939 The concept of fluoridation now arises as an alternative method of disposing of industrial waste chemicals, with the attractive prospect of enormous disposal expense being replaced by great profit due to the annual volume of these materials being in the hundreds of thousands of tons. This fact was confirmed with approval in a 1983 letter written by Rebecca Hanmer, Assistant Administrator, from EPA Office of Water. Copies of this letter have been widely exhibited as a smoking gun.
1939 The Hatch Act was passed after revelations that employees of the WPA, a New Deal agency, were pressured to make political contributions. The new Act protected against a politicized federal work force. It also prohibited any federally funded agency, whether county, state, or federal, from trying to influence public referenda. Since the beginning of the effort to fluoridate water in the 1940s, however, the Hatch Act has been repeatedly and flagrantly violated
1939 On Sept 29, Mellon Institute scientist, Gerald J. Cox, begins his major role in the promotion of fluoridation by saying, "the present trend toward removal of fluorides from food and water may need reversal."
Note: Scientist Cox also had this to say in 1939: "Fluorides are among the most toxic of substances. Mottled enamel results from as little as 0.0001 percent of fluorine in the drinking water. Every use of water must be examined before fluoridation can begin." (Journal of the American Water Works Assn. pp. 1926-1930, Nov 1939). Despite all of this, Alcoa sponsored biochemist, Gerald J. Cox, fluoridates rats in his lab and mysteriously concludes that "fluoride reduces cavities." He makes a public proposal that the US should fluoridate its water supply. Cox begins to tour the US, stumping for fluoridation.
1939 The American Water Works Association decided there was sufficient evidence about fluoride to classify it as a hazardous material, like lead and arsenic. It then suggested that drinking water should contain no more than 0.1 ppm fluoride.
1941 Instead of forbidding the dumping of fluoride in water, the USPHS regulations set 1.0 ppm of fluoride as the maximum tolerance allowed in a public water supply. This allowed industries to continue to dump fluoride wastes into rivers.
1941 In December, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. All anti-pollution regulations are suspended. Many parts of America now suffer hydrogen fluoride air pollution on an unprecedented scale. Major fluoride hazards develop in war materials production of WWII, consolidating government collusion with big industry on a cover up of fluoride hazards.
1942 In England, a Lancet report showed that out of 589 London children, 28% had mottled teeth. According to Alcoa's chief chemist and the USPHS, London's drinking water should contain well over one ppm fluoride to account for this. Tests showed just 0.19 ppm. Hydrogen fluoride from air pollution was the probable cause, related to the heavy use of coal for fuel, a known source of HF.
1942 Hydrogen fluoride supplants sulfuric acid as a catalyst in the production of high test gasoline in Los Angeles. One such plant required 500-750 tons of HF yearly (Fluorine Industry Chem. and Met. Eng., 52:94-99 Mar. 1945).
1943 Planning began on the Newburgh, NY, Fluoridation Demonstration Project. Atomic bomb program scientists played a prominent but unpublicised role in this first US fluoridation experiment. Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production. Millions of tons of fluoride were needed for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons. Today, memos released under the Freedom of Information Act show that scientists from the atomic bomb program secretly shaped and guided the Newburgh fluoridation experiment. This reveals the US government conflict of interest and its motive to prove fluoride safe.
1944 Oscar Ewing is put on the payroll of the Aluminum Company of America as an attorney.
Continue to the post-war scandal...