Egypt's lost pyramids: Spied from space by satellite, 17 tombs buried by sands o

[Ponce]

Wowwwwwwwww go to link for some real nice satellite pictures.......
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Egypt's lost pyramids: Spied from space by satellite, 17 tombs buried by sands of time.

By Fiona Macrae

Last updated at 9:21 PM on 25th May 2011

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More than 1,000 tombs and 3,000 ancient settlements found

Findings are a major boost to relatively new science of space archaeology
Indiana Jones found success with little more than a bullwhip and a fedora. These days however, if you want to make your mark as an archaeologist, a bit of space technology works wonders.

Satellites have helped locate 17 pyramids and 3,000 ancient settlements hidden underground in Egypt.
More than 1,000 burial sites were also discovered thanks to infra-red technology capable of probing beneath the desert sands from 450 miles above the Earth.
Pyramid of Djoser: Many more are thought to be buried underground. The cameras on the satellites are so powerful that they can precisely image objects on Earth that are less than one metre in diameter
Astounded researchers on the ground have already confirmed that two of the pyramids exist - and they believe there are thousands more unknown sites in the region.
NASA-funded archaeologist Sarah Parcak said: ‘I couldn’t believe we could locate so many sites. To excavate a pyramid is the dream of every archaeologist.’

The finds are hugely significant. Until the latest discoveries there were thought to have been almost 140 pyramids across Egypt.

But experts have long argued that there must be many more which remain undiscovered, buried by the sands of time. Dr Parcak, from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, analysed images from satellites equipped with cameras so powerful they can zoom in on objects less than three feet in diameter on the Earth’s surface.

Ancient streetmap: A satellite image shows Tanis to be a city littered with underground tombs. Buildings in ancient Egypt were constructed out of mud brick - the material is dense, allowing satellites orbiting above Earth to photograph the outlines of structures invisible to the human eye
Hidden history: This image of Tanis shows the difference between what the naked eye can see and the underground details that the high-powered satellite camera can pick up


THE LOST ARK IN A LOST CITY?

In Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, Tanis is named as the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant.
The film chronicles the archaeologist adventurer's race against the Nazis to recover the Ark - which they want as they believe it will make them invincible.

With the help of his dead mentor's daughter Marion - an old girlfriend of his - tracks down the Well of Souls, the secret chamber in which the Ark is buried, before they do.

From the Well of Souls he recovers the Ark, but the Nazis steal it off them.

But when they open it to unleash its power, it releases a stream of demonic apparitions which destroy those who look at them.
Dr Parcak told the BBC: 'I could see the data as it was emerging, but for me the "a-ha" moment was when I could step back and look at everything that we'd found.'


More...Smile for the camera: Half way into mission, Endeavour astronaut finds time for photos on spacewalk
A fish with arms... and a 'T-Rex' leech found up a girl's nose: Scientists reveal amazing top 10 'new species' list
Galactic images on a budget: Rookie photographer takes stunning shots of the Milky Way using a simple digital camera

The mud bricks used by ancient Egyptians are much denser than the sand and soil that surrounds them, allowing the shapes of homes, temples, tombs and other structures built thousands of years ago to be seen by satellites orbiting 435miles above Earth to photograph the outlines of structures invisible to the human eye.
The cameras on the satellites are so powerful that they can precisely image objects on Earth that are less than one metre in diameter.

The researchers' findings are a major boost to the relatively new science of space archaeology.

Their most promising excavations are taking place in Tanis, where they are uncovering a 3,000-year-old house.
Excitingly, the outline of the house exactly matches the shape seen on the satellite images.
Two pyramids at Saqqara – the burial ground for the ancient capital of Memphis – have already been confirmed by excavations and the site is being hailed as one of the most important in Egyptian archaeology. The oldest pyramids ever discovered were built in Saqqara around 2,600BC.


Only the beginning: Archaeologist Dr Sarah Parcak points out the site of a buried pyramid on a satellite image
The amazing satellite images have revealed pyramids and ancient homes
The camera's high level of accuracy has impressed the Egyptian government, which now plans to use the technology to identify and protect its colossal heritage in the future.

Dr Parcak believes that there are many more buildings buried deeper than those already spotted, the most likely location being under the banks of the River Nile.

She said: 'These are just the sites close to the surface. There are many thousands of additional sites that the Nile has covered over with silt.

'This is just the beginning of this kind of work.'
A dig at the historical site Tanis, the hiding place of the Ark of the Covenant in the 1981 Indiana Jones blockbuster Raiders of the Lost Ark, revealed a 3,000-year-old house that matched its satellite image almost perfectly.

Dr Parcak believes these finds could be the first of many.


Digging deep: The archaeologists most promising excavations are taking place in the ancient city of Tanis
She told the BBC: ‘It just shows us how easy it is to underestimate both the size and scale of past human settlements.

‘These are just the sites [close to] the surface. There are many thousands of additional sites that the Nile has covered over with silt. This is just the beginning of this kind of work.’

She said the technology could be used to monitor the looting of antiquities, as well as to engage young people around the world in science and help archaeologists in their quest to uncover the secrets of the past.

The archaeologist said, ‘We have to think bigger and that’s what the satellites allow us to do. Indiana Jones is old school. We’ve moved on from Indy, sorry Harrison Ford.’
A hidden chamber unseen for 4,500 years may have been discovered inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. A robotic probe designed by British engineers found hieroglyphs inside a tunnel that leads from the pyramid’s Queen’s chamber, New Scientist magazine reports. Cameras have also sent back images of a stone door which it is thought could lead to a hidden chamber.

Dr Parcak and her team's findings form the basis of the documentary Egypt's Lost Cities, which airs on BBC1 on May 30


Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1390667/Seventeen-lost-pyramids-thousands-buried-Egyptian-settlements-pinpointed-infrared-satellite-images.html#ixzz1NR5e8FFi

[steyr_m]

That was pretty sweet, thanks.

[Twisted Titan]

the truth will stay buried........the current paradigm canot be jepordzed
:boohoo

[monty]

http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/179349/news/2700-yr-old-sarcophagus-of-high-priest-of-god-amun-unearthed-in-luxor


700 yr-old sarcophagus of ‘high priest of God Amun’ unearthed in LuxorNov. 26, 2015 15:40

http://thecairopost.youm7.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/99996655555555555-620x310.jpgSarcophagus Of Ankh-F-N-Khonsu. Antiquities Ministry Facebook Page

By Rany Mostafa (http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/author/r-mostafa)
CAIRO: The sarcophagus of Ankh-f-n-khonsu, a high priest of ancient Egyptian god Amun Ra, has been unearthed in the west bank of Luxor, Antiquities Minister Mamdouh al Damaty announced Thursday.


The sarcophagus, which dates back to the 22nd Dynasty (943B.C-716B.C.,) was found in the tomb of Amenhotep-Huy, who served as Egypt’s viceroy and vizier during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1391 B.C.–1353 B.C.)


“The sarcophagus is made of wood and covered with a layer of plaster. It represents the deceased wearing a wig and crown with flowers and colorful ribbons along with ceremonial beard and a necklace adorning his chest,” Sultan Eid, Director of Upper Egypt Antiquities Department said in a statement Thursday.


The sarcophagus also contains a number of hieroglyphic inscriptions with scenes of the deceased making offerings to several ancient Egyptian deities, he added.


Apparently, the tomb has been reused more than 500 years after it was completed, Mahmoud Afifi, the head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Sector at the Antiquities Ministry said, adding that the sarcophagus is “well preserved.”


Discovered in 1978, the tomb of Amenhotep-Huy is located at Qurnet Marei, part of the Theban Necropolis on Luxor’s west bank, said Karar, adding that multi-national team of archaeologists led by the Institute for the Study of Ancient Egypt in Madrid has been studying and renovating the architectural elements of the tomb since 2009.


Most of the scenes at Amenhotep-Huy’s tomb represent the vizier’s daily life activities of agriculture, hunting and fishing. It also features scenes of female musicians and dancers and shows Huy, among his family members, being greeted by high priests, archaeologist Sherif el-Sabban told The Cairo Post Saturday.


The Theban Necropolis is an area of the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (Modern Luxor) in Upper Egypt. According to Sabban, it was used for ritual burials for several Pharaohs, noblemen and high officials starting from the New Kingdom Period (1580 B.C.-1080 B.C.) and for over a millennium.

[monty]

Scans of King Tut's tomb point to hidden chamberLuxor (Egypt) (AFP) - Scans of King Tutankhamun's tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings point to a secret chamber, archaeologists said Saturday, possibly heralding the discovery of Queen Nefertiti's long-sought mummy.


Using hi-tech infrared and radar technology, researchers are trying to unravel the mystery over the legendary monarch's resting place.


A wife of Tutankhamun's father Akhenaten, Nefertiti played a major political and religious role in the 14th century BC, and the discovery of her tomb would be a major prize for Egyptologists.
Experts are now "approximately 90 percent" sure there is a hidden chamber in Tutankhamun's tomb, Antiquities Minister Mamduh al-Damati told a news conference.


The scans were spurred by a study by renowned British archaeologist Nicholas Reeves that said Nefertiti's lost tomb may be hidden in an adjoining chamber.


Speaking at the same press conference, Reeves said the initial results could bear out his theory.
http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/VTn_NQQb4GjLqerpDWreCw--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3NfbGVnbztmaT1maWxsO2g9NDMxO2lsPXBsYW 5lO3E9NzU7dz0zMDA-/http://media.zenfs.com/en_us/News/afp.com/Part-DV-DV2144993-1-1-1.jpg
(http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://news.yahoo.com/lightbox/johanna-gassmann-paints-replica-bust-nefertiti-berlin-october-photo-111116655.html)Johanna Gassmann paints a replica of the bust of Nefertiti in Berlin on October 2, 2015 (AFP Photo/J …

"Clearly it does look from the radar evidence as if the tomb continues, as I have predicted," he said.


"The radar, behind the north wall (of Tutankhamun's burial chamber) seems pretty clear. If I am right it is a continuation -- corridor continuation -- of the tomb, which will end in another burial chamber," he said.


"It does look indeed as if the tomb of Tutankhamun is a corridor tomb... and it continues beyond the decorated burial chamber," he added.


"I think it is Nefertiti and all the evidence points in that direction."


- Cult of sun god -


Damati emphasised that the findings were "preliminary" results, and a Japanese expert working with the archaeologists needed a month to analyse the scans.


http://l3.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/CSr9Qw_dqWFjBGs4B6Nerg--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3NfbGVnbztmaT1maWxsO2g9MjA4O3E9NzU7dz 0zMDA-/http://media.zenfs.com/en_us/News/afp.com/Part-NIC-Nic6490344-1-1-0.jpg
(http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://news.yahoo.com/lightbox/tourists-visit-valley-kings-photo-111116914.html)Tourists visit the Valley of the Kings (AFP Photo/Khaled Desouki)

Experts carried out a preliminary scan of the tomb earlier this month using infra-red thermography to map out the temperature of its walls.


Damati said at that time that the analysis showed "differences in the temperatures registered on different parts of the northern wall" of the tomb.


But the minister and Reeves had differed on whose mummy they expected to find.


According to Reeves, professor of archaeology at the University of Arizona, Tutankhamun, who died unexpectedly, was buried hurriedly in an underground chamber probably not intended for him.


The boy king died aged 19 in 1324 BC after just nine years on the throne. His final resting place was discovered by another British Egyptologist, Howard Carter, in 1922.


Reeves's theory is that priests would have been forced to reopen Nefertiti's tomb 10 years after her death because the young pharaoh's own mausoleum had not yet been built.



(http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://news.yahoo.com/lightbox/golden-sarcophagus-king-tutankhamun-burial-chamber-valley-kings-photo-111116584.html)The golden sarcophagus of King Tutankhamun in his burial chamber at the Valley of the Kings (AFP Pho …

But Damati believes that such a chamber, if found adjoining Tutankhamun's tomb, may contain Kiya, another of Akhenaten's wives.


Akhenaten is known for having temporarily converted ancient Egypt to monotheism by imposing the cult of sun god Aton.


Nefertiti's role in the cult would have ruled out her burial in the Valley of the Kings according to Zahi Hawass, the country's former antiquities minister and expert on ancient Egypt.
"Nefertiti will never be buried in the Valley of the Kings," he told AFP.


"The lady was worshipping Aton with Akhenaten for years. The priests would never allow her to be buried in the Valley of the Kings," he said.


Hawass also questioned how archaeologists would enter the hidden part of the tomb without causing damage.


Damati said that after the analysis, that would be the next challenge.
"The data is being analysed to get a clear picture of what's behind the wall," he said.
"The next step, which we will announce once we agree on it, will be accessing what's behind the wall without damaging the tomb," he said.


http://news.yahoo.com/scans-king-tut-tomb-suggest-90-chance-hidden-101949181.html

[Glass]

Amun and Amen are the same.

I've been saying a while now there are many things we mis pronounce and with that we also lose the true meaning of the word(s).

It is not Tutan khamun. It is Tutankh Amun. Amen.


http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/179349/news/2700-yr-old-sarcophagus-of-high-priest-of-god-amun-unearthed-in-luxor

700 yr-old sarcophagus of ‘high priest of God Amun’ unearthed in Luxor

ancient Egyptian god Amun Ra


Amen Ra. Isn't Ra the sun god?

I think it would be very interesting if the pyre-mids turned out to be cubes. I doubt they are but I wonder if anyone has checked.

[Neuro]

I think it would be very interesting if the pyre-mids turned out to be cubes. I doubt they are but I wonder if anyone has checked.

Huh? Isn't their shape obvious?

[Glass]

Huh? Isn't their shape obvious?

Maybe only some of it is poking above the sand.

http://www.tropolism.com/IMG_1717.jpg

Does it only work for 3 sided pyremids? Seems so.

[Neuro]

Maybe only some of it is poking above the sand.

http://www.tropolism.com/IMG_1717.jpg

Does it only work for 3 sided pyremids? Seems so.
Ah you mean like that. Yes it would only be threesided if a cube. Octahedron is possible!

[singular_me]

Amun and Amen are the same. Amen Ra. Isn't Ra the sun god?


just the christian Amen .. solar cult still among us

[monty]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun

AmunFor other uses, see Amun (disambiguation) (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun_(disambiguation)).


"Amen Ra" redirects here. For the Belgian band, see Amenra (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenra).


Amun, Amun-Ra,
Amun-Re, Amon, or Amen


King of the gods and god of the wind


http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amun.svg/200px-Amun.svg.png (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amun.svg)Typical depiction of Amun during the New Kingdom, with two plumes on his head, the ankh (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh) symbol and the was (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was) sceptre.



Name in hieroglyphs (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs)



Major cult center
Thebes (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt)


Symbol
two vertical plumes, the ram-headed Sphinx (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx)(Criosphinx)


Consort
Amunet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amunet)
Wosret (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wosret)
Mut (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut)


Offspring
Khonsu (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonsu)


Greek equivalent
Zeus (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus)


Amun (also Amon (/ˈɑːmən/ (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English)),
Amen; Ancient Greek (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek): Ἄμμων Ámmōn, ἍμμωνHámmōn) was a major Egyptian deity (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities)and Berber deity (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion). He was attested since the Old Kingdom (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom) together with his spouse Amaunet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaunet). With the 11th dynasty (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt)(c. 21st century BC), he rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Monthu (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthu).[1]


After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos) and with the rule of Ahmose I (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I), Amun acquired national importance (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_god), expressed in his fusion with the Sun god (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_god), Ra (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra), as Amun-Ra or Amun-Re.
Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian pantheon (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon) throughout the New Kingdom (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom) (with the exception of the "Atenist heresy (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism)" under Akhenaten (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten)). Amun-Ra in this period (16th to 11th centuries BC) held the position of transcendental (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)), self-created[2] creator deity (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity) "par excellence", he was the champion of the poor or troubled and central to personal piety.[3] His position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism) where other gods became manifestations of him. With Osiris (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris), Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods.[3] As the chief deity of the Egyptian Empire (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Empire), Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped outside of Egypt, in Ancient Libya (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya) and Nubia (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia), and as Zeus Ammon came to be identified with (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_Graeca) Zeus (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus) in Ancient Greece.



Early history
Amun and Amaunet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaunet) are mentioned in the Old Egyptian (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Egyptian) Pyramid Texts (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts).[4] Amun and Amaunet formed one quarter of the ancient Ogdoad (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogdoad) of Hermopolis (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermopolis). The name Amun (written imn, pronounced Amana in ancient Egyptian [5]) meant something like "the hidden one" or "invisible".[6] It was thought that Amun created himself and then his surroundings.[7]


The other members of the Ogdoad are Nu and Naunet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)); Kuk and Kauket (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_(mythology)); and Huh and Hauhet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huh_(god)).
Amun rose to the position of tutelary deity of Thebes after the end of the First Intermediate Period (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period), under the 11th dynasty (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt). As the patron of Thebes, his spouse was Mut (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut). In Thebes, Amun as father, Mut as mother and the Moon god Khonsu (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonsu) formed a divine family or "Theban Triad (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Triad)".



Temple at Karnak
The history of Amun as the patron god of Thebes begins in the 20th century BC, with the construction of the Precinct of Amun-Re (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re) at Karnak (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak) under Senusret I (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_I). The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the 11th dynasty.


Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the 18th dynasty (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt) when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak) may have also begun during the 18th dynasty, though most building was undertaken under Seti I (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I) and Ramesses II (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II). Merenptah (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenptah) commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples) on the walls of the Cachette Court (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re#First_Court_.28Cachette_Court.29), the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Temple). This Great Inscription (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription) (which has now lost about a third of its content) shows the king's campaigns and eventual return with booty and prisoners. Next to this inscription is the Victory Stela, which is largely a copy of the more famous Israel Stela (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Stela) found in the West Bank funerary complex of Merenptah.[8] Merenptah's son Seti II (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_II) added 2 small obelisks in front of the Second Pylon, and a triple bark-shrine to the north of the processional avenue in the same area. This was constructed of sandstone, with a chapel to Amun flanked by those of Mut and Khonsu.
The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)) and the massive enclosure walls that surrounded the whole Precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectanebo_I).
http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Amon-Ra_%28l%27esprit_des_quatre_elements%2C_lame_du_mo nde_mat%C3%A9rial%29%2CN372.2.jpg/200px-Amon-Ra_%28l%27esprit_des_quatre_elements%2C_lame_du_mo nde_mat%C3%A9rial%29%2CN372.2.jpg (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amon-Ra_(l%27esprit_des_quatre_elements,_lame_du_monde_ mat%C3%A9rial),N372.2.jpg)Amon-Ra (l'esprit des quatre elements, lame du monde matérial),N372.2., Brooklyn Museum (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum)



New Kingdom
Further information: High Priests of Amun (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priests_of_Amun)


Identification with Min and Ra
When the army of the founder (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I) of the Eighteenth dynasty (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt) expelled the Hyksos (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos)rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt), became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_god). The pharaohs of that new dynasty attributed all their successful enterprises to Amun, and they lavished much of their wealth and captured spoil on the construction of temples (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple)dedicated to Amun.


The victory accomplished by pharaohs who worshipped Amun against the "foreign rulers", brought him to be seen as a champion of the less fortunate (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(competition)), upholding the rights of justice (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice) for the poor.[3] By aiding those who traveled in his name, he became the Protector of the road. Since he upheld Ma'at (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at) (truth, justice, and goodness),[3] those who prayed to Amun were required first to demonstrate that they were worthy by confessing their sins. Votive stelae from the artisans' village at Deir el-Medina (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Medina) record:



"[Amun] who comes at the voice of the poor in distress, who gives breath to him who is wretched..You are Amun, the Lord of the silent, who comes at the voice of the poor; when I call to you in my distress You come and rescue me...Though the servant was disposed to do evil, the Lord is disposed to forgive. The Lord of Thebes spends not a whole day in anger; His wrath passes in a moment; none remains. His breath comes back to us in mercy..May your ka be kind; may you forgive; It shall not happen again."[9]


http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amun-Ra_kamutef_2.jpg/200px-Amun-Ra_kamutef_2.jpg (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amun-Ra_kamutef_2.jpg)Amun-Min as Amun-Ra ka-Mut-ef from the temple at Deir el Medina.


Subsequently, when Egypt conquered Kush (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush), they identified the chief deity of the Kushites as Amun. This Kush deity was depicted as ram (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep)-headed, more specifically a woolly (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool) ram with curved horns (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)). Amun thus became associated with the ram arising from the aged appearance of the Kush ram deity. A solar deity in the form of a ram can be traced to the pre-literate Kerma culture (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture) in Nubia, contemporary to the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The later (Meroitic period (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush)) name of Nubian Amun was Amani, attested in numerous personal names such as Tanwetamani, Arkamani, Amanitore, Amanishakheto, Natakamani. Since rams were considered a symbol of virility, Amun also became thought of as a fertility deity, and so started to absorb the identity of Min (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)), becoming Amun-Min. This association with virility led to Amun-Min gaining the epithet (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet) Kamutef, meaning Bull of his mother,[10] in which form he was found depicted on the walls of Karnak (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak), ithyphallic (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus), and with a scourge (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge), as Min was.


http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Re-Horakhty.svg/150px-Re-Horakhty.svg.png (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Re-Horakhty.svg)Re-Horakhty ("Ra (who is the) Horus of the two Horizons"), the fusion of Ra (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra) and Horus (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus), in depiction typical of the New Kingdom. Re-Horakhty was in turn identified with Amun.


As the cult of Amun grew in importance, Amun became identified with the chief deity who was worshipped in other areas during that period, the sun god Ra (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra). This identification led to another merger of identities, with Amun becoming Amun-Ra. In the Hymn to Amun-Ra (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hymn_to_Amun-Ra&action=edit&redlink=1) he is described as



"Lord of truth, father of the gods, maker of men, creator of all animals, Lord of things that are, creator of the staff of life."[11]


Atenist heresy
During the latter part of the eighteenth dynasty (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt), the pharaoh Akhenaten (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten) (also known as Amenhotep IV) disliked the power of the temple of Amun and advanced the worship of the Aten (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism), a deity whose power was manifested in the sun disk, both literally and symbolically. He defaced the symbols (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol) of many of the old deities, and based his religious practices upon the deity, the Aten (http://gold-silver.us/forum/safari-reader://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten). He moved his capital away from Thebes, but this abrupt change was very unpopular with the priests of Amun, who now found themselves without any of their former power. The religion of Egypt was inexorably tied to the leadership of the country, the pharaoh being the leader of both. The pharaoh was the highest priest in the temple of the capital, and the next lower level of religious leaders were important advisers to the pharaoh, many being administrators of the bureaucracy that ran the country.

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[mick silver]

............... amen ...................