mick silver
15th August 2014, 08:13 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism ... Christian anarchism is a movement in political theology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theology) and political philosophy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy) which synthesizes Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) and anarchism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-1) It is grounded in the belief that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable, the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus), and thus rejects the idea that human governments have ultimate authority over human societies. Christian anarchists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_anarchists) denounce the state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)) as they claim it is violent, deceitful and, when glorified, idolatrous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatrous).[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CritiqueofViolence-2)[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-3)
More than any other Bible source, the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount) is used as the basis for Christian anarchism.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4) Most Christian anarchists are pacifists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pacifism) and reject the use of violence, such as war.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CritiqueofViolence-2) Leo Tolstoy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy)'s The Kingdom of God Is Within You (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You) is often regarded as a key text for modern Christian anarchism.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CritiqueofViolence-2)[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-tolstoy-5)
Contents
1 Origins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Origins)
1.1 Old Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Old_Testament)
1.2 New Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#New_Testament)
1.3 Early Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Early_Church)
1.4 Conversion of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Conversion_of_the_Roman_Empire )
1.5 Middle Ages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Middle_Ages)
1.6 Peasant revolts in the post-reformation era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Peasant_revolts_in_the_post-reformation_era)
1.7 Modern era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Modern_era)
2 Anarchist biblical views and practices (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Anarchist_biblical_views_and_p ractices)
2.1 Church authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Church_authority)
2.2 Pacifism and nonviolence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Pacifism_and_nonviolence)
2.3 Simple living (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Simple_living)
2.4 State authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#State_authority)
2.5 Swearing of oaths (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Swearing_of_oaths)
2.6 Tax (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Tax)
2.7 Vegetarianism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Vegetarianism)
3 Present-day Christian anarchist groups (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Present-day_Christian_anarchist_groups)
3.1 Brotherhood Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Brotherhood_Church)
3.2 Catholic Worker Movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Catholic_Worker_Movement)
3.3 Online communities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Online_communities)
4 Criticism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Criticism)
5 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#See_also)
6 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#References)
7 Further reading (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Further_reading)
7.1 19th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#19th_century)
7.2 20th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#20th_century)
7.3 21st century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#21st_century)
8 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#External_links)
[h=2]Origins[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=1)]Old Testament[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=2)]Jacques Ellul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul) notes that the final verse of the Book of Judges (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges) (Judges 21:25) states that there was no king in Israel and that "everyone did as they saw fit".[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-6)[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ellul1-7)[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-8) Subsequently, as recorded in the first Book of Samuel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel) (1 Samuel 8) the people of Israel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites) wanted a king "so as to be like other nations".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-9)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-10) God declared that the people had rejected him as their king. He warned that a human king would lead to militarism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism), conscription (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription) and taxation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax#History), and that their pleas for mercy from the king's demands would go unanswered. Samuel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel) passed on God's warning to the Israelites but they still demanded a king, and Saul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul) became their ruler.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-11)[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-12) Much of the subsequent Old Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament) chronicles the Israelites trying to live with this decision.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-13)
New Testament[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=3)]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/375px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf15/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg)
Carl Heinrich Bloch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Bloch)'s depiction of the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount)
More than any other Bible source, the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount) is used as the basis for Christian anarchism.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4) Alexandre Christoyannopoulos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos) explains that the Sermon perfectly illustrates Jesus' central teaching of love and forgiveness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiveness). Christian anarchists claim that the state, founded on violence, contravenes the Sermon and Jesus' call to love our enemies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:44).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4)
The gospels tell of Jesus' temptation in the desert (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ). For the final temptation, Jesus is taken up to a high mountain by Satan and told that if he bows down to Satan he will give him all the kingdoms of the world.[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-14) Christian anarchists use this as evidence that all Earthly kingdoms and governments are ruled by Satan, otherwise they would not be Satan's to give.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-15) Jesus refuses the temptation, choosing to serve God instead, implying that Jesus is aware of the corrupting nature of Earthly power.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-16)
Christian eschatology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology) and various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have identified the state and political power (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power) as the Beast (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)) in the Book of Revelation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation).[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-17)[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-18)
Whether or not Christianity is compatible with anarchism is a point of contention, as some hold that one cannot consistently be a Christian and anarchist simultaneously. Critics include Christians and anarchists as well as those who reject both categories. For example, anarchists often cite the phrase "no gods, no masters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters)" and Christians often cite Romans 13 (see State authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#State_authority) below). Others, such as Friedrich Nietzsche (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche) and Frank Seaver Billings, criticize Christianity and anarchism by arguing that they are the same thing.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-19)[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-20)
Early Church[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=4)]See also: Early Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity)
Several of the Church Fathers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers)' writings suggest anarchism as God's ideal.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ChristoyannopoulosEarlyChristians-21) The first Christians opposed the primacy of the State: "We must obey God as ruler rather than men" (Acts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles) 4:19, 5:29, 1 Corinthians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians) 6:1-6); "Stripping the governments and the authorities bare, he exhibited them in open public as conquered, leading them in a triumphal procession by means of it." (Colossians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians) 2:15). Also some early Christian communities appear to have practised anarchist communism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_communism), such as the Jerusalem group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem) described in Acts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles), who shared their money and labor equally and fairly among the members.[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-22) Christian anarchists, such as Keven Craig, insist that these communities were centred on true love and care for one another rather than liturgy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy). They also allege that the reason the early Christians were persecuted (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire) was not because they worshipped Jesus Christ, but because they refused to worship human idols (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry) claiming divine status (see Imperial cult (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome))). Given that they refused to worship the Roman Emperor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor) they refused to swear any oath of allegiance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance) to the Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire).[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ChristoyannopoulosEarlyChristians-21)
Thomas Merton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton) in his introduction to a translation of the Sayings of the Desert Fathers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayings_of_the_Desert_Fathers) describes the early monastics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism) as "Truly in certain sense 'anarchists,' and it will do no harm to think of them as such."[23] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-23)
Conversion of the Roman Empire[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=5)]See also: Constantine I and Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity) and State church of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire)
For Christian anarchists the moment which epitomises the degeneration of Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Apostasy) is the conversion of Emperor Constantine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great) after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge) in 312.[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CA-24) Following this event Christianity was legalised under the Edict of Milan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan) in 313, hastening the Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church)'s transformation from a humble bottom-up sect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect) to an authoritarian top-down organization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_organization). Christian anarchists point out that this marked the beginning of the "Constantinian shift (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_shift)", in which Christianity gradually came to be identified with the will of the ruling elite, becoming the State church of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire), and in some cases (such as the Crusades (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades), Inquisition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition) and Wars of Religion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion)) a religious justification for violence.[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CA-24)
Middle Ages[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=6)]Following Constantine's conversion, Alexandre Christoyannopoulos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos) recounts that Christian pacifism and anarchism were submerged for nearly a millennium until the emergence of thinkers such as Francis of Assisi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi) and Petr Chelčický (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD).[25] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-25) Francis of Assisi (c.1181–1226) was an ascetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism) preacher, pacifist and nature lover. As the son of a wealthy family cloth merchant he led a privileged life and fought as a soldier, but radically changed his beliefs and practices after a spiritual awakening. Francis became a pacifist and eschewed material goods, attempting to follow in the footsteps of Jesus.[26] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-26) Peter Maurin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maurin), co-founder of the Catholic Worker Movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement), was heavily influenced by Francis of Assisi.[27] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-27) Petr Chelčický's (c.1390–c.1460) work, specifically The Net of Faith, influenced Leo Tolstoy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy) and is referenced in his book The Kingdom of God Is Within You (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You).[28] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-28) more at site
More than any other Bible source, the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount) is used as the basis for Christian anarchism.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4) Most Christian anarchists are pacifists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pacifism) and reject the use of violence, such as war.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CritiqueofViolence-2) Leo Tolstoy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy)'s The Kingdom of God Is Within You (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You) is often regarded as a key text for modern Christian anarchism.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CritiqueofViolence-2)[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-tolstoy-5)
Contents
1 Origins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Origins)
1.1 Old Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Old_Testament)
1.2 New Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#New_Testament)
1.3 Early Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Early_Church)
1.4 Conversion of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Conversion_of_the_Roman_Empire )
1.5 Middle Ages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Middle_Ages)
1.6 Peasant revolts in the post-reformation era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Peasant_revolts_in_the_post-reformation_era)
1.7 Modern era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Modern_era)
2 Anarchist biblical views and practices (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Anarchist_biblical_views_and_p ractices)
2.1 Church authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Church_authority)
2.2 Pacifism and nonviolence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Pacifism_and_nonviolence)
2.3 Simple living (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Simple_living)
2.4 State authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#State_authority)
2.5 Swearing of oaths (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Swearing_of_oaths)
2.6 Tax (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Tax)
2.7 Vegetarianism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Vegetarianism)
3 Present-day Christian anarchist groups (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Present-day_Christian_anarchist_groups)
3.1 Brotherhood Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Brotherhood_Church)
3.2 Catholic Worker Movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Catholic_Worker_Movement)
3.3 Online communities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Online_communities)
4 Criticism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Criticism)
5 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#See_also)
6 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#References)
7 Further reading (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Further_reading)
7.1 19th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#19th_century)
7.2 20th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#20th_century)
7.3 21st century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#21st_century)
8 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#External_links)
[h=2]Origins[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=1)]Old Testament[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=2)]Jacques Ellul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul) notes that the final verse of the Book of Judges (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges) (Judges 21:25) states that there was no king in Israel and that "everyone did as they saw fit".[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-6)[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ellul1-7)[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-8) Subsequently, as recorded in the first Book of Samuel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel) (1 Samuel 8) the people of Israel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites) wanted a king "so as to be like other nations".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-9)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-10) God declared that the people had rejected him as their king. He warned that a human king would lead to militarism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism), conscription (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription) and taxation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax#History), and that their pleas for mercy from the king's demands would go unanswered. Samuel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel) passed on God's warning to the Israelites but they still demanded a king, and Saul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul) became their ruler.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-11)[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-12) Much of the subsequent Old Testament (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament) chronicles the Israelites trying to live with this decision.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-13)
New Testament[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=3)]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/375px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf15/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg)
Carl Heinrich Bloch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Bloch)'s depiction of the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount)
More than any other Bible source, the Sermon on the Mount (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount) is used as the basis for Christian anarchism.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4) Alexandre Christoyannopoulos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos) explains that the Sermon perfectly illustrates Jesus' central teaching of love and forgiveness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiveness). Christian anarchists claim that the state, founded on violence, contravenes the Sermon and Jesus' call to love our enemies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:44).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-Sermon-4)
The gospels tell of Jesus' temptation in the desert (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ). For the final temptation, Jesus is taken up to a high mountain by Satan and told that if he bows down to Satan he will give him all the kingdoms of the world.[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-14) Christian anarchists use this as evidence that all Earthly kingdoms and governments are ruled by Satan, otherwise they would not be Satan's to give.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-15) Jesus refuses the temptation, choosing to serve God instead, implying that Jesus is aware of the corrupting nature of Earthly power.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-16)
Christian eschatology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology) and various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have identified the state and political power (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power) as the Beast (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)) in the Book of Revelation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation).[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-17)[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-18)
Whether or not Christianity is compatible with anarchism is a point of contention, as some hold that one cannot consistently be a Christian and anarchist simultaneously. Critics include Christians and anarchists as well as those who reject both categories. For example, anarchists often cite the phrase "no gods, no masters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters)" and Christians often cite Romans 13 (see State authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#State_authority) below). Others, such as Friedrich Nietzsche (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche) and Frank Seaver Billings, criticize Christianity and anarchism by arguing that they are the same thing.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-19)[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-20)
Early Church[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=4)]See also: Early Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity)
Several of the Church Fathers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers)' writings suggest anarchism as God's ideal.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ChristoyannopoulosEarlyChristians-21) The first Christians opposed the primacy of the State: "We must obey God as ruler rather than men" (Acts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles) 4:19, 5:29, 1 Corinthians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians) 6:1-6); "Stripping the governments and the authorities bare, he exhibited them in open public as conquered, leading them in a triumphal procession by means of it." (Colossians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians) 2:15). Also some early Christian communities appear to have practised anarchist communism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_communism), such as the Jerusalem group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem) described in Acts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles), who shared their money and labor equally and fairly among the members.[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-22) Christian anarchists, such as Keven Craig, insist that these communities were centred on true love and care for one another rather than liturgy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy). They also allege that the reason the early Christians were persecuted (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire) was not because they worshipped Jesus Christ, but because they refused to worship human idols (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry) claiming divine status (see Imperial cult (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome))). Given that they refused to worship the Roman Emperor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor) they refused to swear any oath of allegiance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance) to the Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire).[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ChristoyannopoulosEarlyChristians-21)
Thomas Merton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton) in his introduction to a translation of the Sayings of the Desert Fathers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayings_of_the_Desert_Fathers) describes the early monastics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism) as "Truly in certain sense 'anarchists,' and it will do no harm to think of them as such."[23] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-23)
Conversion of the Roman Empire[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=5)]See also: Constantine I and Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity) and State church of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire)
For Christian anarchists the moment which epitomises the degeneration of Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Apostasy) is the conversion of Emperor Constantine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great) after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge) in 312.[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CA-24) Following this event Christianity was legalised under the Edict of Milan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan) in 313, hastening the Church (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church)'s transformation from a humble bottom-up sect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect) to an authoritarian top-down organization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_organization). Christian anarchists point out that this marked the beginning of the "Constantinian shift (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_shift)", in which Christianity gradually came to be identified with the will of the ruling elite, becoming the State church of the Roman Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire), and in some cases (such as the Crusades (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades), Inquisition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition) and Wars of Religion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion)) a religious justification for violence.[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-CA-24)
Middle Ages[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_anarchism&action=edit§ion=6)]Following Constantine's conversion, Alexandre Christoyannopoulos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos) recounts that Christian pacifism and anarchism were submerged for nearly a millennium until the emergence of thinkers such as Francis of Assisi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi) and Petr Chelčický (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD).[25] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-25) Francis of Assisi (c.1181–1226) was an ascetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism) preacher, pacifist and nature lover. As the son of a wealthy family cloth merchant he led a privileged life and fought as a soldier, but radically changed his beliefs and practices after a spiritual awakening. Francis became a pacifist and eschewed material goods, attempting to follow in the footsteps of Jesus.[26] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-26) Peter Maurin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maurin), co-founder of the Catholic Worker Movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement), was heavily influenced by Francis of Assisi.[27] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-27) Petr Chelčický's (c.1390–c.1460) work, specifically The Net of Faith, influenced Leo Tolstoy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy) and is referenced in his book The Kingdom of God Is Within You (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You).[28] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism#cite_note-28) more at site