Just what do the oislamic country's produce.

[7th trump]

http://townhall.com/columnists/dennisprager/2014/09/30/what-the-arab-world-produces-n1898443/page/full

Just watch the pro-beheading islamics, and palestinians on this forum jump in and tell you its a lie and Israel is behind it.
Hahahahahahahahaha...!

[Ponce]

What did they produced?.........medicine, poetry, palaces, battery, numbers, alphabet... and on and on and on....meanwhile, the west and most of the world were living in caves.......they were also dealing with China.

V

[palani]

The Arabic number system ... which you use all the time.

[palani]

A British engineer just started his own business in Afghanistan.

He's making land mines that look like prayer mats.

It's doing well.

He says prophets are going through the roof.

[Dogman]

They did astronomy very well along with other sciences.

[Ponce]

What happened to them is what will happen to the US......you are and then you are not.

V

[7th trump]

What did they produced?.........medicine, poetry, palaces, battery, numbers, alphabet... and on and on and on....meanwhile, the west and most of the world were living in caves.......they were also dealing with China.

V
Caves my ass........most of the middle east then was Christian.
Rome was already in decline if not gone (gotta have a number system to build those huge buildings, castles in Europe everywhere, Viking already sailed the globe.
Not even going to mention Greece and its buildings...your precious filthy muslims were the ones in caves...still are!

[7th trump]

What happened to them is what will happen to the US......you are and then you are not.

V

Nothing much is going to happen to the US...its the "wilderness" (its the last unexplored continent....a wilderness and very young compared to Europe and Africa) in the world where people could go from persecution your filthy muslims are committing.
America isn't going anywhere....commy Russia will strike, but will be put down in a matter of 15 minutes, before ever getting to the lower states.
Alaska was purchased for a reason...a divine reason!

[expat4ever]

You seema a bit angry and have some serious hatred towards your fellow man. Wht have they done to you to make you hate them so much?

To answer your question, well its already been answered pretty much. We have a written language today comeplete with an alphabet and number system. Persian carpets are the finest in the world. Walk on one or look at one and see why. All hand made. They will last 100 years or more. Probably much more.
What do we make here in the US other than military shit to kill people. ?

[Neuro]

Zero!

[expat4ever]

Joe Camel, camel ciggarettes, camel milk cheese, camel hair slippers. camel toe. Heroine, morphine, vicodine, percocet

Whats the point of this thread? You want to go nuke em all? If so then when we get done in the ME we have to head to Indonesia and Malaysia and the philippines, probably have to take out much of Europe as well and of course might as well drop a couple here on the US to rid us of these parasites too.

[crimethink]

http://townhall.com/columnists/dennisprager/2014/09/30/what-the-arab-world-produces-n1898443/page/full

Just watch the pro-beheading islamics, and palestinians on this forum jump in and tell you its a lie and Israel is behind it.
Hahahahahahahahaha...!

Do you deny Dennis Prager is a Talmud Jew and a Zionist?

So what if Muslim countries produce "merely" petroleum for the most part? What do most Americans produce? Hamburgers? Debt?

What do you produce?

Islam is a false religion, and yes, Muslims are a danger to White Christian civilization, but this article, and your posting of it thereof, is just pathetic. At least have a point when you attack Islam.

[crimethink]

Joe Camel, camel ciggarettes, camel milk cheese, camel hair slippers. camel toe. Heroine, morphine, vicodine, percocet

Whats the point of this thread? You want to go nuke em all? If so then when we get done in the ME we have to head to Indonesia and Malaysia and the philippines, probably have to take out much of Europe as well and of course might as well drop a couple here on the US to rid us of these parasites too.

These Judeo-"Christians" believe that Armageddon must happen in their own vision, and they will make sure it happens in such manner whether God wants it or not. The attitude of the Judeo-"Christian" Zionist is that of the Talmud Jew / Pharisee - "God Himself studies the Talmud." They have such hubris - such chutzpah - that they believe they know better than God on how to make the End Times happen.

[7th trump]

Do you deny Dennis Prager is a Talmud Jew and a Zionist?

So what if Muslim countries produce "merely" petroleum for the most part? What do most Americans produce? Hamburgers? Debt?

What do you produce?

Islam is a false religion, and yes, Muslims are a danger to White Christian civilization, but this article, and your posting of it thereof, is just pathetic. At least have a point when you attack Islam.

You must be full of yourself if you cannot see the point of the article....or just plain stupid. Or just convoluting the truth the article is bring forth by grafting in your own pathetic argument over the article.
Its not your article, so maybe you should try and search for the subject of the article. Then maybe, JUST MAYBE, the object of the article will reveal itself to you and you wont look stupid.

You're a control freak aren't you?
Do you stomp your feet in a tizzy when things don't go your way?

[Cebu_4_2]

I like...

http://i7.minus.com/ibsDyCeEjUSzoz.jpg

[Celtic Rogue]

WOW you truly show your bigoted hatred of a people and culture that have done nothing to you personally. You fall for the zionist propaganda telling everyone how terrible these muslims are. They are just filthy scum that have not contributed anything to civilization! You are blinded by your hatred and your twisted faith in christ as is taught by heretics. I feel sorry for you because you think you are practicing a religion that is from gods words. But to see your posts its more of lucifers tongue full of hatred and deceptions. You need to talk to a professional before this hatred actually harms someone. Here is a list of how these so called filthy people have influenced and actually saved the west from losing a lot of classical knowledge! I bid you peace my friend... you truly need it.

From the 11th to 13th centuries, medieval Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe) absorbed knowledge from Islamic civilization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age), which was then at its cultural peak. Of particular importance was the rediscovery of the ancient classic texts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_transmission_of_the_Classics_to_the_West), most notably the work of the Greek natural philosopher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy) Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle), through retranslations from Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic). Also of note is the reception of advances in astronomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy) and mathematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics) made in the Islamic world during the 10th century, such as the development of the astrolabe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe).

Transmission routes

Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century) and Arab-Norman culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Norman_culture)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/220px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg) The Tabula Rogeriana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana), drawn by Al-Idrisi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Idrisi) for Roger II of Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily) in 1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_world_maps).


Europe and the Islamic lands had multiple points of contact during the Middle Ages. The main points of transmission of Islamic knowledge to Europe lay in Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily) and in Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain), particularly in Toledo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain) (with Gerard of Cremone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremone), 1114–1187, following the conquest of the city by Spanish Christians in 1085). In Sicily, following the Islamic conquest of the island (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy) in 965 and its reconquest by the Normans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans) in 1091, an intense Norman-Arab-Byzantine (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman-Arab-Byzantine&action=edit&redlink=1) culture developed, exemplified by rulers such as King Roger II (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily), who had Islamic soldiers, poets and scientists at his court. The Moroccan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) Muhammad al-Idrisi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi) wrote "The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands" or Tabula Rogeriana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana), one of the greatest geographical treatises of the Middle Ages, for Roger.[2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-2)
The Crusades (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades) also intensified exchanges between Europe and the Levant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant), with the Italian maritime republics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_maritime_republics) taking a major role in these exchanges. In the Levant, in such cities as Antioch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch), Arab and Latin cultures intermixed intensively.[3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-3)
During the 11th and 12th centuries, many Christian scholars travelled to Muslim lands to learn sciences. Notable examples include Leonardo Fibonacci (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci) (c. 1170 - c. 1250), Adelard of Bath (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath) c. 1080 – c. 1152) and Constantine the African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_African) (1017-1087). From the 11th to the 14th centuries, numerous European students attended Muslim centers of higher learning (which the author calls "universities") to study medicine, philosophy, mathematics, cosmography (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmography) and other subjects.[4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-4)
Classical knowledge

Main article: Transmission of the Classics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics)
In the period following the fall of the Roman Empire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) and the dawn of the Middle Ages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages), Europeans lacked access to many texts from Classical Antiquity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity). However, in the Middle East (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) many Greek texts (such as the works of Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle)) were translated from Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) into Syriac (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language) during the 6th and 7th centuries by Nestorian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism), Melkite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite) or Jacobite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Syrian_Rite) monks living in Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine), or by Greek exiles from Athens (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens) or Edessa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia) who visited Islamic centres of higher learning. The Islamic world then kept, translated, and developed many of these texts, especially in centers of learning such as Baghdad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad), where a "House of Wisdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom)" with thousands of manuscripts existed as early as 832. These texts were translated[by whom? (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)] again into European languages during the Middle Ages.[1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Lebedel1-1) Eastern Christians played an important role in exploiting this knowledge, especially through the Christian Aristotelician School of Baghdad in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Latin translations of these texts originated in multiple places. Toledo, Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain) (with Gerard of Cremona (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona), 1114–1187) and Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily) became the main points of transmission of Islamic knowledge to Europe. Burgundio of Pisa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundio_of_Pisa) (died 1193) discovered in Antioch lost texts of Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle) and translated them into Latin.
Islamic sciences

Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century) and Islamic science (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28Arabic%29.png/130px-The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28Arabic%29.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28Arabic%29 .png)

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28English%29.png/120px-The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28English%29.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_%28English%2 9.png)


Right: The original Arabic print manuscript of the Book of Algebra by Al-Khwarizmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi). Left: A page from The Algebra of Al-Khwarizmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi) by Fredrick Rosen, in English (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language).


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG/220px-ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG) Chirurgical operation, 15th-century Turkish manuscript.


The Islamic world made important advances in science, such as in algebra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra), chemistry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam), geology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology), spherical trigonometry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry), etc. which were later also transmitted to the West.[1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Lebedel1-1)[5] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-5) Stefan of Pise translated into Latin around 1127 an Arab manual of medical theory. The method of algorism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorism) for performing arithmetic with Indian-Arabic numerals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian-Arabic_numerals) was developed by the Persian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people) al-Khwarizmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi) (hence the word “Algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm)”) in the 9th century, and introduced in Europe by Leonardo Fibonacci (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci) (1170–1250).[6] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-6) A translation by Robert of Chester (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Chester) of the Algebra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_ and_Balancing) by al-Kharizmi is known as early as 1145. Ibn al-Haytham (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham) (Alhazen, 980–1037) compiled treatises on optical sciences, which were used as references by Newton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton) and Descartes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes). Medical sciences were also highly developed in Islam as testified by the Crusaders, who relied on Arab doctors on numerous occasions. Joinville (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville) reports he was saved in 1250 by a “Saracen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen)” doctor.[7] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-7)
Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars such as Gerard of Cremona (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona) for new learning. These scholars were interested in ancient Greek philosophical and scientific texts (notably the Almagest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest)) which were not obtainable in Latin in Western Europe, but which had survived and been translated into Arabic in the Muslim world. Gerard was said to have made his way to Toledo in Spain and learnt Arabic specifically because of his "love of the Almagest". While there he took advantage of the "abundance of books in Arabic on every subject".[8] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-8) Islamic Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus) and Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy) were particularly productive areas because of the proximity of multi-lingual scholars. These scholars translated many scientific and philosophical texts from Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) into Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin).[9] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-9)[10] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-10) Gerard personally translated 87 books from Arabic into Latin, including the Almagest, and also Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB)'s On Algebra and Almucabala (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_ and_Balancing), Jabir ibn Aflah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah)'s Elementa astronomica,[11] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Katz-11) al-Kindi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi)'s On Optics, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Kath%C4%ABr_al-Fargh%C4%81n%C4%AB)'s On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions, al-Farabi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi)'s On the Classification of the Sciences,[12] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-12) the chemical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam) and medical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine) works of Rhazes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes),[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13) the works of Thabit ibn Qurra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabit_ibn_Qurra) and Hunayn ibn Ishaq (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq),[14] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-14) and the works of Arzachel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzachel), Jabir ibn Aflah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah), the Banū Mūsā (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81), Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_K%C4%81mil_Shuj%C4%81_ibn_Aslam), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi) (Abulcasis), and Ibn al-Haytham (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham) (including the Book of Optics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics)).
Alchemy

[Celtic Rogue]

Alchemy See also: Alchemy and chemistry in Islam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam)
Western alchemy was directly dependent upon Arabic sources.[15] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-15) The Latin alchemical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy) works of "Geber" were standard texts for European alchemists. The exact attribution of these works remains a matter of some controversy. Some are undoubtedly translations from Arabic from works attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n), including the Kitab al-Kimya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Kimya) (titled Book of the Composition of Alchemy in Europe), translated by Robert of Chester (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Chester) (1144);[16] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-16) and the Book of Seventy, translated by Gerard of Cremona (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona) (before 1187).[17] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-17) Whether these were actually written by one man (or whether indeed Jābir was a real historical figure) is disputed, but there is no doubting the influence on medieval European alchemy of the translated Arabic works. (A few of the Latin works are now attributed to a Pseudo-Geber (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Geber), as although attributed to "Geber", they have no identified Arabic source and appear to have been composed in Latin in the 13th century).[18] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-18)
The alchemical works of Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi) (Rhazes) were translated into Latin around the 12th century.[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13)
Several technical Arabic words (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages) from Arabic alchemical works, such as alkali (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali),[19] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-19) found their way into various European languages and became part of scientific vocabulary.
Astronomy and Mathematics https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ms.Thott.290.2%C2%BA_150v.jpg/220px-Ms.Thott.290.2%C2%BA_150v.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2%C2%BA_150v.jpg) A German manuscript page teaching use of (indo-)Arabic numerals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals) (Talhoffer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Talhoffer) Thott, 1459).


See also: Islamic astronomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy) and Islamic mathematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics)
The translation of Al-Khwarizmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB)'s work greatly influenced mathematics in Europe. As Professor Victor J. Katz writes: "Most early algebra works in Europe in fact recognized that the first algebra works in that continent were translations of the work of al-Khwärizmï and other Islamic authors. There was also some awareness that much of plane and spherical trigonometry could be attributed to Islamic authors".[20] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-katz-20) The words algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm), deriving from Al-Khwarizmi's Latinized name Algorismi, and algebra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra), deriving from the title of his AD 820 book Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_ and_Balancing) ("The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing") are themselves Arabic loanwords (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_loanwords_in_English). This and other Arabic astronomical and mathematical works, such as those by al-Battani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_J%C4%81bir_al-Harr%C4%81n%C4%AB_al-Batt%C4%81n%C4%AB) [11] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Katz-11) and Muhammad al-Fazari (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fazari)'s Great Sindhind (based on the Surya Siddhanta (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta) and the works of Brahmagupta (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta)).[21] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-21) were translated into Latin during the 12th century.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Westerner_and_Arab_practicing_geometry_15th_centur y_manuscript.jpg/220px-Westerner_and_Arab_practicing_geometry_15th_centur y_manuscript.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westerner_and_Arab_practicing_geometry_15th_c entury_manuscript.jpg) Westerner and Arab practicing geometry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry) together. 15th-century manuscript.


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/220px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg) Astrolabe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe) quadrant, England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England), 1388.


Al-Khazini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini)'s Zij (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij) as-Sanjari (1115–1116) was translated into Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) by Gregory Choniades (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Choniades) in the 13th century and was studied in the Byzantine Empire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire).[22] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-22) The astronomical modifications to the Ptolemaic model (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_model) made by al-Battani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Battani) and Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes) led to non-Ptolemaic models produced by Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ayyeduddin_Urdi) (Urdi lemma), Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB) (Tusi-couple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple)) and Ibn al-Shatir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir), which were later adapted into the Copernican heliocentric (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism) model. Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB)'s Ta'rikh al-Hind and Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi were translated into Latin as Indica and Canon Mas’udicus respectively.
Fibonacci (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci) presented the first complete European account of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system) from Arabic sources (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals) in his Liber Abaci (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci) (1202).[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13)
Al-Jayyani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jayyani)'s The book of unknown arcs of a sphere (a treatise on spherical trigonometry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry)) had a "strong influence on European mathematics".[23] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-23) Regiomantus' On Triangles (c. 1463) certainly took his material on spherical trigonometry (without acknowledgement) from Arab sources. Much of the material was taken from the 12th-century work of Jabir ibn Aflah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah) (otherwise known as Geber), as noted in the 16th century by Gerolamo Cardano (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano).[20] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-katz-20)
A short verse used by Fulbert of Chartres (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres) (952-970 –1028) to help remember some of the brightest stars in the sky gives us the earliest known use of Arabic loanwords in a Latin text:[24] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-24) "Aldebaran stands out in Taurus, Menke and Rigel in Gemini, and Frons and bright Calbalazet in Leo. Scorpio, you have Galbalagrab; and you, Capricorn, Deneb. You, Batanalhaut, are alone enough for Pisces."[25] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-25)
Medicine See also: Islamic medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG/220px-Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG) European depiction of the Persian doctor al-Razi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi), in Gerard of Cremona (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona)'s Receuil des traités de médecine (1250–1260). Gerard de Cremona translated numerous works by Arabic scholars, such as al-Razi and Ibn Sina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna).[26] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-26)


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Syria_made_medicinal_jars_circa_1300_excavated_in_ Fenchurch_Street_London.jpg/220px-Syria_made_medicinal_jars_circa_1300_excavated_in_ Fenchurch_Street_London.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syria_made_medicinal_jars_circa_1300_excavate d_in_Fenchurch_Street_London.jpg) Syrian medicinal jars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jars) c. 1300, excavated in Fenchurch Street (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchurch_Street), London. London Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Museum).


One of the most important medical works to be translated was Avicenna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna)'s The Canon of Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine) (1025), which was translated into Latin and then disseminated in manuscript and printed form throughout Europe. It remained a standard medical textbook in Europe until the early modern period, and during the 15th and 16th centuries alone, The Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty-five times.[27] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-NLM-27) Avicenna noted the contagious nature of some infectious diseases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease) (which he attributed to "traces" left in the air by a sick person), and discussed how to effectively test new medicines.[28] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Tschanz-28) He also wrote The Book of Healing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing), a more general encyclopedia of science and philosophy, which became another popular textbook in Europe. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi) (al-Razi) wrote the Comprehensive Book of Medicine, with its careful description of and distinction between measles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles) and smallpox (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox), which was also influential in Europe. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi) (also known as Albucasis) wrote Kitab al-Tasrif (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tasrif), an encyclopedia of medicine which was particularly famed for its section on surgery. It included descriptions and diagrams of over 200 surgical instruments, many of which he developed. The surgery section was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona) in the 1100s, and used in European medical schools (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school) for centuries, still being reprinted in the 1770s.[29] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Campbell-3-29)[30] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Albucasis-30)
Physics See also: Islamic physics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_physics)
One of the most important scientific works to be translated was Ibn al-Haytham (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham) (Alhazen)'s Book of Optics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics) (1021). Alhazen's book was notable for his early use of an experiment based scientific method (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method),[31] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Gorini-31) in which he developed a theory of vision and light which built on the work of the Roman writer Ptolemy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy) (but which rejected Ptolemy's theory that light was emitted by the eye (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_theory_%28vision%29), insisting instead that light rays entered the eye), and was the most significant advance in this field until Kepler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler).[32] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Hogendijk-32) The Book of Optics was an important stepping stone in the history of the scientific method (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_scientific_method) and history of optics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optics).[33] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Gomati-33) The Latin translation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century) of the Book of Optics influenced the works of many later European scientists, including Roger Bacon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon) and Johannes Kepler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler).[34] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Marshall-34)[35] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Powers-35) The book also influenced other aspects of European culture. In religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion), for example, John Wycliffe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe), the intellectual progenitor of the Protestant Reformation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation), referred to Alhazen in discussing the seven deadly sins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin) in terms of the distortions in the seven types of mirrors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror) analyzed in De aspectibus. In literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature), Alhazen's Book of Optics is praised in Guillaume de Lorris (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris)' Roman de la Rose (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose).[36] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Falco-2007-36) In art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art), the Book of Optics laid the foundations for the linear perspective (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_%28graphical%29) technique and may have influenced the use of optical aids in Renaissance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance) art (see Hockney-Falco thesis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockney-Falco_thesis)).[36] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Falco-2007-36) These same techniques were then employed in European geographical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography) maps made by cartographers such as Paolo Toscanelli (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Toscanelli) during the Age of Exploration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Exploration).[35] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Powers-35)
The theory of motion developed by Avicenna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna) from Aristotelian physics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_physics) may have influenced Jean Buridan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan)'s theory of impetus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_impetus) (the ancestor of the inertia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia) and momentum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum) concepts).[37] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-37) The work of Galileo Galilei (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei) on classical mechanics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics) (superseding Aristotelian physics) was also influenced by earlier medieval physics writers, including Avempace (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avempace).[38] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-38)
Fields of physics studied included optics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics) and magnetism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism), mechanics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics) (including statics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics), dynamics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29), kinematics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics) and motion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28physics%29)), and astronomy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy).
Other works Other Arabic works translated into Latin during the medieval period include the works of Razi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes) and Avicenna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna) (including The Book of Healing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing) and The Canon of Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine)),[39] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-39) the works of Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes),[29] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Campbell-3-29) the works of Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Ed-Din_Al_Betrugi), including On the Motions of the Heavens,[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13)[40] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-40) Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abbas_al-Majusi)'s medical encyclopedia, The Complete Book of the Medical Art,[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13) Abu Mashar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mashar)'s Introduction to Astrology,[41] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-41) Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_K%C4%81mil_Shuj%C4%81_ibn_Aslam)'s Algebra,[11] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Katz-11) and the De Proprietatibus Elementorum, an Arabic work on geology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geography) written by a pseudo-Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle).[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Bieber-13) By the beginning of the 13th century Mark of Toledo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Toledo) had translated the Qur'an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an) and various medical works (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine).[42] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-42)
Islamic technology https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG/220px-Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG) 19th-century depiction of La Zisa, Palermo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo), showing Arab-Norman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Norman_culture) art and architecture combining Occidental features (such as the Classical pillars and friezes) with Islamic decorations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art) and calligraphy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy).[43] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-43)


Various fruits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits) and vegetables (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetables) were introduced to Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) in this period via the Middle East and North Africa, some from as far as China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) and India (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India), including the artichoke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artichoke), spinach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach), and aubergine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine).[44] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-44)
New techniques in clothing and new materials were also introduced, including muslin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin), taffetas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffeta), and satin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin).

[Celtic Rogue]

Arts Main article: Islamic influences on Western art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art)
See also: Islamic art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art)
Islamic decorative arts were highly valued imports to Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Largely because of accidents of survival the majority of surviving examples are those that were in the possession of the church. In the early period textiles were especially important, used for church vestments, shrouds, hangings and clothing for the elite. Islamic pottery of everyday quality was still preferred to European wares. Because decoration was mostly ornamental, or small hunting scenes and the like, and inscriptions were not understood, Islamic objects did not offend Christian sensibilities.[45] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-45) Medieval art in Sicily is interesting stylistically because of the mixture of Norman, Arab and Byzantine influences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture) in areas such as mosaics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic) and metal inlays, sculpture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture), and bronzeworking.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/220px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg) Pseudo-Kufic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic) script in the Virgin Mary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary)'s halo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29), detail of Adoration of the Magi (1423) by Gentile da Fabriano (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano). The script is further divided by rosettes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_%28design%29) like those on Mamluk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk) dishes.[46] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-46)


Writing: Western imitations of Arabic script Main article: Pseudo-Kufic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic)
The Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) Kufic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic) script was often imitated for decorative effect in the West during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, to produce what is known as pseudo-Kufic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic): "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".[47] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Mack.2C_p.51-47) Numerous cases of pseudo-Kufic are known from European art from around the 10th to the 15th century; usually the characters are meaningless, though sometimes a text has been copied. Pseudo-Kufic would be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious halos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28religious_iconography%29) or frames. Many are visible in the paintings of Giotto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto).[47] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Mack.2C_p.51-47) The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic in early Renaissance painting is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13th- and 14th-century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during Jesus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus)'s time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them:[48] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-48) "In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of Old Testament (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament) heroes like David".[49] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-49) Another reason might be that artist wished to express a cultural universality for the Christian faith, by blending together various written languages, at a time when the church had strong international ambitions.[50] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-50)
Islamic carpets Main article: Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg/220px-The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604. jpg) The Somerset House Conference (1604) artist unknown, shows English and Spanish diplomats gathered around a table covered by an Oriental carpet.


Islamic carpets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet) of Middle-Eastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-Eastern) origin, either from the Ottoman Empire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire), the Levant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant) or the Mamluk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk) state of Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) or Northern Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Africa), were a significant sign of wealth and luxury in Europe, as demonstrated by their frequent occurrence as important decorative features in paintings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings) from the 13th century and continuing into the Baroque period. Such carpets, together with Pseudo-Kufic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic) script offer an interesting example of the integration of Eastern elements into European painting, most particularly those depicting religious subjects.
Music Main articles: Arabic music (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music) and Andalusian classical music (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music)
A number of musical instruments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument) used in European music were influenced by Arabic musical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music) instruments, including the rebec (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebec) (ancestor of violin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin)) from the rebab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab), the guitar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar) from qitara, the naker (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naker) from naqareh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqareh)[51] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-51) and the shawm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm) and dulzaina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulzaina) from the reed instruments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_%28instrument%29) zamr and al-zurna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurna).[52] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-52)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Christian_and_Muslim_playing_ouds_Catinas_de_Santa _Maria_by_king_Alfonso_X.jpg/220px-Christian_and_Muslim_playing_ouds_Catinas_de_Santa _Maria_by_king_Alfonso_X.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_and_Muslim_playing_ouds_Catinas_de_ Santa_Maria_by_king_Alfonso_X.jpg) Muslim and Christian playing lutes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute), miniature from Cantigas de Santa Maria by king Alfonso X (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X).


There are many different theories regarding the origins of the troubadour (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour) tradition; one of the most commonly held theories is that it had Arabic origins. William of Aquitaine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine), the first troubadour whose work survives, had extensive contact with the Islamic world in the Crusade of 1101 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_1101) and in the Reconquista (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista) in Spain (where he was given a rock crystal vase (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_crystal_vase) by a Muslim ally). In his study, Lévi-Provençal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al) is said to have found four Arabo-Hispanic verses nearly or completely recopied in William's manuscript.[53] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-53) According to historic sources, William VIII (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_VIII_of_Aquitaine), the father of William IX, brought to Poitiers hundreds of Muslim prisoners.[54] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-54) The hypothesis that the troubadour tradition was created, more or less, by William after his experience of Moorish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish) arts while fighting with the Reconquista (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista) in Spain was championed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal) in the early 20th century, but its origins go back as far as Giammaria Barbieri in the 16th century. Certainly "a body of song of comparable intensity, profanity and eroticism [existed] in Arabic from the second half of the 9th century onwards."[55] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-55)
The standard theory on the origins of the Western solfège (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge) musical notation is that is arose in Italy in the 11th century, but some scholars have argued that the solfège syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) may have been derived from the syllables of the Arabic solmization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solmization) system Durr-i-Mufassal ("Separated Pearls") (dal, ra, mim, fa, sad, lam). This origin theory was first proposed by Meninski in his Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalum (1680) and then by Laborde in his Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Moderne (1780). No documentary evidence has been found to prove this theory however.[56] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-56)[57] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-57)
Technology See also: Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Muslim_scientists_and_engineers)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Syrian_or_Egyptian_pieces_of_glass_with_Arabic_ins criptions_excavated_in_London.jpg/220px-Syrian_or_Egyptian_pieces_of_glass_with_Arabic_ins criptions_excavated_in_London.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_or_Egyptian_pieces_of_glass_with_Arabi c_inscriptions_excavated_in_London.jpg) Syrian or Egyptian pieces of glass with Arabic inscriptions, excavated in London. London Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Museum).


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_scri pt_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg/220px-Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_scri pt_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic _script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg) Early-1500s Andalusian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_people) dish with pseudo-Arabic script (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic) around the edge, excavated in London. London Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Museum).


A number of technologies in the Islamic world (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Muslim_scientists_and_engineers) were adopted in European medieval technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology). These included various crops (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crops);[58] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Watson-58) various astronomical instruments, including the Greek astrolabe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe) which Arab astronomers developed and refined into such instruments as the Quadrans Vetus, a universal horary quadrant which could be used for any latitude (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude),[59] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-King-2002-59) and the Saphaea, a universal astrolabe invented by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB);[60] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-60) the astronomical sextant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextant_%28astronomical%29); various surgical instruments, including refinements on older forms and completely new inventions;[30] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Albucasis-30) and advanced gearing in waterclocks and automata.[61] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Hassan-61) Distillation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation) was known to the Greeks and Romans, but was rediscovered in medieval Europe through the Arabs. The word alcohol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol) (to describe the liquid produced by distillation) comes from Arabic al-kuhl.[62] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-62) The word alembic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembic) (via the Greek Ambix) comes from Arabic al-anbiq.[63] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-63) Islamic examples of complex water clocks and automata are believed to have strongly influenced the European craftsmen who produced the first mechanical clocks in the 13th century.[64] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-64)
The importation of both the ancient and new technology from the Middle East and the Orient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient) to Renaissance Europe represented “one of the largest technology transfers in world history.”[65] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-65)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Venitian_glass_circa_1330_with_enamel_decoration_d erived_from_Islamic_technique_and_style.jpg/220px-Venitian_glass_circa_1330_with_enamel_decoration_d erived_from_Islamic_technique_and_style.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venitian_glass_circa_1330_with_enamel_decorat ion_derived_from_Islamic_technique_and_style.jpg) The Aldrevandini Beaker, a venetian glass (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_glass) with enamel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) decoration derived from Islamic technique and style. c. 1330.[66] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Aldrevandini-66)


In an influential 1974 paper, historian Andrew Watson suggested that there had been an Arab Agricultural Revolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution) between 700 and 1100, which had diffused a large number of crops (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crops) and technologies from Spain into medieval Europe, where farming was mostly restricted to wheat strains obtained much earlier via central Asia. Watson listed eighteen crops, including sorghum from Africa, citrus fruits from China, and numerous crops from India such as mangos, rice, cotton and sugar cane, which were distributed throughout Islamic lands that, according to Watson, had previously not grown them. Watson argued that these introductions, along with an increased mechanization of agriculture, led to major changes in economy, population distribution, vegetation cover, agricultural production and income, population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labour force, linked industries, cooking, diet and clothing in the Islamic world. Also transmitted via Muslim influence, a silk industry flourished, flax was cultivated and linen exported, and esparto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esparto) grass, which grew wild in the more arid parts, was collected and turned into various articles.[58] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Watson-58) However Michael Decker has challenged significant parts of Watson's thesis, including whether all these crops were introduced to Europe during this period. Decker used literary and archaeological evidence to suggest that four of the listed crops (i.e. durum wheat, Asiatic rice, sorghum and cotton) were common centuries before the Islamic period, that the crops which were new were not as important as Watson had suggested, and generally arguing that Islamic agricultural practices in areas such as irrigation were more of an evolution from those of the ancient world than the revolution suggested by Watson.[67] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-67)
The production of sugar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar) from sugar cane (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane),[68] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-68) water clocks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock), pulp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_%28paper%29) and paper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper), silk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk), and various advances in making perfume (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume), were transferred from the Islamic world to medieval Europe.[69] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-69) Fulling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling) mills and advances in mill technology may have also been transmitted from the Islamic world to medieval Europe,[70] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-70) along with the large-scale use of inventions like the suction (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction) pump (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump),[71] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-71) noria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria) and chain pumps (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pump) for irrigation purposes. According to Watson, "The Islamic contribution was less in the invention of new devices than in the application on a much wider scale of devices which in pre-Islamic times had been used only over limited areas and to a limited extent."[72] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-72) These innovations made it possible for some industrial operations that were previously served by manual labour or draught animals to be driven by machinery in medieval Europe.[73] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-73)
Coinage https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Roger_II_tari_gold_coin_Palermo_with_Arabic_inscri ptions.jpg/220px-Roger_II_tari_gold_coin_Palermo_with_Arabic_inscri ptions.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_II_tari_gold_coin_Palermo_with_Arabic_i nscriptions.jpg) Tarì (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C3%AC) gold coin of Roger II of Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily), with Arabic inscriptions, minted in Palermo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo). British Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum).


While the earliest coins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin#First_coins) were minted and widely circulated in Europe, and Ancient Rome (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome), Islamic coinage had some influence on Medieval European minting. The 8th-century English king Offa of Mercia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia) minted a near-copy of Abbasid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) dinars struck in 774 by Caliph Al-Mansur (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur) with "Offa Rex" centered on the reverse.[74] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-74) The moneyer visibly had little understanding of Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) as the Arabic text contains a number of errors.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_din ar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/220px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_din ar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_o f_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg) A gold dinar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar) of the English king Offa of Mercia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia), a copy of the dinars of the Abbasid Caliphate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (774). It combines the Latin legend OFFA REX with Arabic legends. British Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum).[75] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-75)


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crusader_coins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Crusader_coins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crusader_coins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem.jp g) Crusader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades) coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem). Left: Denier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_denier) in European style with Holy Sepulchre (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre). Middle: One of first Kingdom of Jerusalem gold coins, copying Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic) dinars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinars). Right: Gold coin after 1250, with Christian symbols following Papal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal) complaints. British Museum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum).


In Sicily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily), Malta (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) and South Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Italy) from about 913 tarì (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C3%AC) gold coins of Islamic origin were minted in great number by the Normans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans), Hohenstaufens (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen) and the early Angevins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou) rulers.[76] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-76) When the Normans invaded Sicily in the 12th century, they issued tarì coins bearing legends in Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) and Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin).[77] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-77) The tarìs were so widespread that imitations were made in southern Italy (Amalfi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi) and Salerno (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno)) which only used illegible "pseudo-Kufic" imitations of Arabic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic).[78] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-78)[79] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-79)
According to Janet Abu-Lughod (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod):

The preferred specie for international transactions before the thirteenth century, in Europe as well as the Middle East and even India, were the gold coins struck by Byzantium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium) and then Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt). It was not until after the thirteenth century that some Italian cities (Florence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence) and Genoa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa)) began to mint their own gold coins, but these were used to supplement rather than supplant the Middle Eastern coins already in circulation.[80] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-80)

[Celtic Rogue]

Literature Further information: Islamic literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_literature), Arabic literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature) and Persian literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature)
It was first suggested by Miguel Asín Palacios (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Asin_Y_Palacios) in 1919 that Dante Alighieri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri)'s Divine Comedy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy), considered the greatest epic of Italian literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature), derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology), such as the Hadith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith) and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi). The Kitab al-Miraj (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Miraj), concerning Muhammad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad)'s ascension to Heaven, was translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[81] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Heullant-81) as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder". Dante was certainly aware of Muslim philosophy, naming Avicenna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna) and Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes) last in his list of non-Christian philosophers in Limbo, alongside the great Greek and Latin philosophers.[82] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-82)[83] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-83) How strong the similarities are to Kitab al-Miraj (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Miraj) remains a matter of scholarly debate however, with no clear evidence that Dante was in fact influenced. Francesco Gabrieli (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gabrieli) described it as "at least possible, if not probable" that Dante may have taken certain images and concepts from Muslim eschatology.[citation needed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]
Philosophy See also: Early Islamic philosophy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy), Avicennism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennism), Averroism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism) and Transmission of Greek philosophical ideas in the Middle Ages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_Greek_philosophical_ideas_in_the_M iddle_Ages)
From Islamic Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus), the Arabic philosophical literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy) was translated into Hebrew (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language), Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin), and Ladino (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language), contributing to the development of modern European philosophy. The Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Maimonides), Muslim sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun), Carthage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage) citizen Constantine the African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_African) who translated Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) medical texts, and the Muslim Al-Khwarizmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi)'s collation of mathematical techniques were important figures of the Golden Age.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AverroesColor.jpg/220px-AverroesColor.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AverroesColor.jpg) Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes), founder of the Averroism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism) school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism) in Western Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe).[84] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Fakhry-84)


Avicenna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna) founded the Avicennism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennism) school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. He was an important commentator on the works of Aristotle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle), modifying it with his own original thinking in some areas, notably logic.[85] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-85) The main significance of Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) Avicennism lies in the interpretation of Avicennian doctrines such as the nature of the soul (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul) and his existence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence)-essence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence) distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism). This was particularly the case in Paris (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris), where Avicennism was later proscribed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscribed) in 1210, though the influence of his psychology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychological_thought) and theory of knowledge upon William of Auvergne (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Auvergne)[disambiguation needed (https://toolserver.org/%7Edispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Islamic_contributions_to_Mediev al_Europe&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dn)] and Albertus Magnus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus) have been noted.[citation needed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The effects of Avicennism in Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity), however, was later submerged by Averroism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism), a school of philosophy founded by Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes), one of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West.[86] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-86)[verification needed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)] Averroes disagreed with Avicenna's interpretations of Aristotle in areas such as the unity of the intellect, and it was his interpretation of Aristotle which had the most influence in medieval Europe. Dante Aligheri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Aligheri) argues along Averroist lines for a secularist theory of the state in De Monarchia.[84] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-Fakhry-84) Averroes also developed the concept of "existence precedes essence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence)".[87] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-87)
Al-Ghazali (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali) also had an important influence on Christian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian) medieval philosophers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy) along with Jewish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish) thinkers like Maimonides (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides).[88] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-88) According to Margaret Smith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Smith_%28author%29), "There can be no doubt that Ghazali’s works would be among the first to attract the attention of these European scholars" and "The greatest of these Christian writers who was influenced by Al-Ghazali was St. Thomas Aquinas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas) (1225–1274), who made a study of the Islamic writers and admitted his indebtedness to them. He studied at the University of Naples (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Naples) where the influence of Islamic literature and culture was predominant at the time."[89] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-89)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/AverroesAndPorphyry.JPG/220px-AverroesAndPorphyry.JPG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AverroesAndPorphyry.JPG) Imaginary debate between Averroes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes) and Porphyry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_%28philosopher%29). Monfredo de Monte Imperiali Liber de herbis, 14th century.[90] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-90)


George Makdisi has suggested that two particular aspects of Renaissance humanism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism) have their roots in the medieval Islamic world (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age), the "art of dictation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictation_%28exercise%29), called in Latin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin), ars dictaminis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_dictaminis)," and "the humanist attitude toward classical language (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language)". He notes that dictation was a necessary part of Arabic scholarship (where the vowel sounds need to be added correctly based on the spoken word), and argues that the medieval Italian use of the term "ars dictaminis" makes best sense in this context. He also believes that the medieval humanist favouring of classical Latin over medieval Latin makes most sense in the context of a reaction to Arabic scholarship, with its study of the classical Arabic of the Koran in preference to medieval Arabic.[91] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe#cite_note-91)

[7th trump]

Apparently one can be labelled a "bigot" for asking just what do todays muslims country's produce?

Celtic doesnt like the truth of islam getting out...they are third world country's run by land pirates and murderers who can have people that can dictate how muslims should act. They can call out a fatwa and claim its ok to rape a woman or take one and have sex with for the good of beheading people...that is whn no goat can be found or is currently tied up.

If you look at celtics pathetic attempt to paint islam as a "religion of peace"....all of them date back 900 years ago, give or take 200 years.
Why would anybody take outdated statistics (some of the attributes are based on Roman foundation) and inject it to today?
The article doesnt ask about what islamic produced 1000 years ago....its asks what to they produce ....TODAY!
Thats like equating a Ford model A to a 2014 F150...what logic is that?


BTW, the use of gold as money predates islam by century's...no big deal!

[Celtic Rogue]

Apparently one can be labelled a "bigot" for asking just what do todays muslims country's produce?

I called you a bigot... and all like you... because you let your irrational beliefs make you hate all muslims for the actions of a few. Its not just this thread but most threads you post that graphically point out your bigoted views. Lets see what the definition of a bigot is... a person who is obstinately (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obstinate) or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially : one who regards or treats the members of a group (as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and intolerance


Celtic doesnt like the truth of islam getting out...they are third world country's run by land pirates and murderers

I could actually say the same of our country too? Does that make me hate all americans? No! The way we are going we soon will be a third world country.


If you look at celtics pathetic attempt to paint islam as a "religion of peace"....all of them date back 900 years ago, give or take 200 years.

LOL you are lying ... I never said any religion was a religion of peace! NEVER. Actually totally the opposite! LOL you are grasping at straws trying to justify your hatred of people. I dont give a rats as if these contributions to civilization are a million years old. They are still valid as showing what a great contribution the islamic counties have made. If it was not for them .... there would not have been a renaissance... well as early as it was. It was only because of the classical knowledge being saved in islamic countries and not burned as heretical by the christian church. These so called ancient contributions were the genesis of our science mathematics and medicine!



Thats like equating a Ford model A to a 2014 F150...what logic is that?


Nothing to do with the equating of anything... But one cultures accomplishments made possible the next. The mathmatics alone if were missing from the west would prevent any such inventions. We are all humans.... and our greatest power is to be able to preserve and pass on our knowledge! If the world were made in your image we would all be dead or living in rubble and filth. Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. You call for killing innocents... and that would make you not a child of god!



You are sick with hatred and are an abomination according to your gods words. Time to repent and hate those that deserve it and not an emntire group or culture for the actions of a few!

[EE_]

I'm no fan of Islam/Muslims, but they have had no affect or harm to anyone's lives in the US.

We should be fighting the immediate threat that is harming all Americans, by destroying the moral fabric and financial well being of our country...Zionism!

Wiping out Muslims now only helps the Zionists gain more power and hastens our demise.

Listening to all the Islam/Muslim propaganda on Zionist TV is useless and is only a distraction from our real enemy.

Sounds like someone here has really been sucked into all the Zionist bullshit of hating people that have done nothing to you.

[7th trump]

I called you a bigot... and all like you... because you let your irrational beliefs make you hate all muslims for the actions of a few. Its not just this thread but most threads you post that graphically point out your bigoted views. Lets see what the definition of a bigot is... a person who is obstinately (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obstinate) or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially : one who regards or treats the members of a group (as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and intolerance



I could actually say the same of our country too? Does that make me hate all americans? No! The way we are going we soon will be a third world country.



LOL you are lying ... I never said any religion was a religion of peace! NEVER. Actually totally the opposite! LOL you are grasping at straws trying to justify your hatred of people. I dont give a rats as if these contributions to civilization are a million years old. They are still valid as showing what a great contribution the islamic counties have made. If it was not for them .... there would not have been a renaissance... well as early as it was. It was only because of the classical knowledge being saved in islamic countries and not burned as heretical by the christian church. These so called ancient contributions were the genesis of our science mathematics and medicine!




Nothing to do with the equating of anything... But one cultures accomplishments made possible the next. The mathmatics alone if were missing from the west would prevent any such inventions. We are all humans.... and our greatest power is to be able to preserve and pass on our knowledge! If the world were made in your image we would all be dead or living in rubble and filth. Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. You call for killing innocents... and that would make you not a child of god!



You are sick with hatred and are an abomination according to your gods words. Time to repent and hate those that deserve it and not an emntire group or culture for the actions of a few!

Blah blah blah..........when are you going to actually list anything exported by muslim country's as the OP asked?
You bullshit posts doesnt list anything exported......its all emotional garbage.....the bait and switch trick.
Or do we have to mud through your bullshit propaganda against me?

I never said I hate muslims.
All I've ever said is the religion of islam needs to be erradicated off the face of the earth.
These muslims need to convert away from this evil cancer called islam.....if not then they need to see the creator as all they are doing is breeding more hate, murder and rape.
Its you who is getting all emotional...not me.

[Ponce]

You guys are STUPID for falling into the bullshit that Trump sets up for you......most of his posting are Zionist traps that he sets up for you in order to talk against Muslims and Arabs......do as I do and simply don't answer him any more........we know what is what and who is doing what to whom and why.

V

[expat4ever]

Apparently one can be labelled a "bigot" for asking just what do todays muslims country's produce?
That wasnt the OP question.

Just what do the oislamic country's produce.
So if the question has been changed to what do they produce today you would have to check the export data for each country that isnt under some sanction or embargo.

Outside of the ME in Africa, Malaysia , Philippines ect, how many are killed every year by muslims? You want to take the actions of a few whack jobs and condemn the entire region or religion?

There was also a time when the rest of the world looked to the US as a true leader and we had respect wherever wqe went. Now the rest of the world looks at US as the big bad bully on the block. we make shit up and destroy nations at will. By doing this we yes WE as in the good ole USA has created the problems in the ME that we see today. I ask myself often why did we even go into Iraq, Why were we so hell bent on destroying the Museum and getting rid of all of its contents. Perhaps the 1/4 million sumarian tablets still to be deciphered? There's something in their history someone doesnt want us to know about.

[Celtic Rogue]

I never said I hate muslims.
All I've ever said is the religion of islam needs to be eradicated off the face of the earth.
These muslims need to convert away from this evil cancer called islam.....if not then they need to see the creator as all they are doing is breeding more hate, murder and rape.
Its you who is getting all emotional...not me.

So when you say that you wish you had 1000 SS nazi soldiers to kill the filthy muslims men women and children then you are actually showing love for those people? Oh I understand... NOT. You always try to play the semantic word games. I think in most sane peoples vocabulary calling people filthy and advocate killing them all would be HATE!


muslims need to convert away from this evil cancer called islam.....if not then they need to see the creator as all they are doing is breeding more hate,

Wow that sounds like what ISIS said to the christians! According to the bible and historical accounts your god had killed or been responcible for killing many more people than the islamic religion.

I am not coming here preaching hate of religion until people start with the religious BS that is not only baseless ... but ignorance as well!

[7th trump]

So when you say that you wish you had 1000 SS nazi soldiers to kill the filthy muslims men women and children then you are actually showing love for those people? Oh I understand... NOT. You always try to play the semantic word games. I think in most sane peoples vocabulary calling people filthy and advocate killing them all would be HATE!



Wow that sounds like what ISIS said to the christians! According to the bible and historical accounts your god had killed or been responcible for killing many more people than the islamic religion.

I am not coming here preaching hate of religion until people start with the religious BS that is not only baseless ... but ignorance as well!

You gonna say what these filthy muslim export?
Or shut your pie hole...one of the two!!

And no, your post earlier doesnt list any export.

Muslims are filthy.....all of them are third world cess pools......filled with illiteracy and ignorance......resulting in a sick demented "religion" to control them.....quite easily I might add.
Islam has turned that race of people into idiots.

[Celtic Rogue]

OK since you didnt mention which country...Islamic counties produce many things! Scientists, doctors, industrial processes... Here is a list of exports from middle eastern counties with muslim populations.they export oil, natural gas, sugar, electricity, industrial minerals, cement, iron ore, carpets, rice, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat, pharmaceuticals, potash, phosphates, fertilizer...

They produce the many of the same things we do. I dont see what difference this make in regard to islamic countries. as many have had their economies destroyed by the US, UK and israel.

The islamic nations were raped by the western oil companies who decided the new boundaries of the nations with only the oil companies needs being met not the indigenous people. I am tired of reasonding to your hatred and ignorance, so I will take Ponces advice and not respond further as you are damaged goods in my opinion. I wish you well and hope your lord comes to you and opens your eyes to a better way of living with others than killing and hatred.

[7th trump]

That wasnt the OP question.

So if the question has been changed to what do they produce today you would have to check the export data for each country that isnt under some sanction or embargo.

Outside of the ME in Africa, Malaysia , Philippines ect, how many are killed every year by muslims? You want to take the actions of a few whack jobs and condemn the entire region or religion?

There was also a time when the rest of the world looked to the US as a true leader and we had respect wherever wqe went. Now the rest of the world looks at US as the big bad bully on the block. we make shit up and destroy nations at will. By doing this we yes WE as in the good ole USA has created the problems in the ME that we see today. I ask myself often why did we even go into Iraq, Why were we so hell bent on destroying the Museum and getting rid of all of its contents. Perhaps the 1/4 million sumarian tablets still to be deciphered? There's something in their history someone doesnt want us to know about.

Ohhhh booo hoooo!

Dont put the blame squarely on the government....you are the source of the demand for cheaper oil for your representivies to give the "OK" to rape the shit hole country's for their oil.

And dont give the me this bull about the muslims wanting to kill all of the western civilizations becuase of being raped of their oil.....thats a complete load of bull.
The muslims drive to kill all americans and western civilizations or any "infidel" comes directly from their satanic book called the koran.
The philipines were hit hard with islam back in the 30's and 40's where they pulled the same beheading scare tactic submission (now its hitting africa real hard)....so its not because of our government alone....you fools will beleive anything that squares up with your mental state of beleif.

[Neuro]

Here is a few things coming to my mind of what is produced in Turkey and exported. You have an appliance sector consisting of companies such as Arcelik and BEKO, they produce and export refrigerators, kitchen stoves, TV sets, washing machines etc then a company called Tofas that produce cars, primarily they developed and produced the Fiat Fiorino model, which is the same model as Citroen Nemo, and Peugeot Bipper. I have owned one of those the last five years, and I am very happy with it. Most of the parts of these cars are produced in Turkey by specialized suppliers, and they also export car parts to other car manufacturers across the globe. Turkey produces several hundred thousand cars each year, maybe more than a million and most are exported.

Further you have a large textile sector, with manufacturers of leather goods like shoes, jackets, and mostly high end/quality fashion. Previously Turkish clothes were low to mid-end, but the last 20 years prize competition from mainly India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, has transformed manufacturing here to higher quality and high street fashion. If you have any high end brand clothes in your wardrobe it may be produced in Turkey. Most Levi's jeans today are produced in Pakistan, especially the lower end lines (those that are not torn or ripped apart and miscoloured).

Food industry is big with companies like Ülker, producing chocolates, candy, biscuits, soft drinks exported all over Europe and Middle East.

The agricultural sector, produces and are major global exporters of nuts (primarily almonds, hazel nuts, walnuts and pistachio's), raisins and olives and olive oils. Sunflower oil is also exported from Turkey, and fruits and vegetables. Further an area where Turkey has very good produce is cheese and yoghurts, and increasingly they are exporting it. For cheese they have a variety and quality that is equal to or surpasses that of France, Holland and Greece. Turkey also exports Raki spirits. Interestingly if you want to buy a hard particle/MDF-board it would most likely be Turkish, because they make these construction boards out of walnut and hazelnut shells making them very hard compared to wood chips/ saw dust boards.

Thats what I can come up with from the back of my mind right now.

[Spectrism]

Zero!

We didn't make zero. Zero came from Indonesia, pretending to be from Hawaii & Kenya.



They did astronomy very well along with other sciences.

And they put the first man on the moon... using a car bomb. Well, parts of a man.



The Arabic number system ... which you use all the time.

Ahhhemmm.. I think this predated ISLAM by about a thousand years.... at least several hundred.

[Neuro]

We didn't make zero. Zero came from Indonesia, pretending to be from Hawaii & Kenya.




And they put the first man on the moon... using a car bomb. Well, parts of a man.




Ahhhemmm.. I think this predated ISLAM by about a thousand years.... at least several hundred.
The number zero came from the Arabs, the Romans didn't use it. It is useful in mathematics.

[Spectrism]

The number zero came from the Arabs, the Romans didn't use it. It is useful in mathematics.

Number? I wasn't talking about a number. I was talking about resident zero.... you know.... diss guy.....

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbkdRS0M9nkhc5AyarXHGRlAt6iDOZO Yd1iBkG0j0Xt5lQDD19_c9Isi0

[crimethink]

You must be full of yourself if you cannot see the point of the article....or just plain stupid.


Nah, I'm not full of myself. You, however, are definitely full of something.

A Talmud Jew Zionist posts an article with an irrelevant premise and you expect people to join in on the Two-Minutes Hate.




you wont look stupid.


LOL




You're a control freak aren't you?
Do you stomp your feet in a tizzy when things don't go your way?

LOL

You're as much a clown as Hypertard.

"You must hate all Muslims and call for their utter extermination or I...I...I...I'm going to call you a fool!"

[Neuro]

Number? I wasn't talking about a number. I was talking about resident zero.... you know.... diss guy.....

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbkdRS0M9nkhc5AyarXHGRlAt6iDOZO Yd1iBkG0j0Xt5lQDD19_c9Isi0
I know! I was intentionally ambiguous! ;D But it was funny you would mention zero the resident and the non-contribution of Arabs to the number system in the same post! Gotcha!

[crimethink]

Apparently one can be labelled a "bigot" for asking just what do todays muslims country's produce?


We're still waiting to hear what you produce.





Celtic doesnt like the truth of islam getting out...they are third world country's run by land pirates and murderers who can have people that can dictate how muslims should act. They can call out a fatwa and claim its ok to rape a woman or take one and have sex with for the good of beheading people...that is whn no goat can be found or is currently tied up.


And America incinerates and blows apart people for money, and dictates to all that opposing the Federal regime or the banksters or the copyright cartel is "terrorism." America - or, in Biblical terms, Mystery Babylon - has spread satanic "culture" worldwide promoting sorcery as "banking," a smorgasbord of abominations as "alternative lifestyles," and mass murder as "freedom" & democracy."

When the whole picture is analyzed, the Muslims, indeed, are pathetic when it comes to killing and spreading filth worldwide.

[7th trump]

We're still waiting to hear what you produce.





And America incinerates and blows apart people for money, and dictates to all that opposing the Federal regime or the banksters or the copyright cartel is "terrorism." America - or, in Biblical terms, Mystery Babylon - has spread satanic "culture" worldwide promoting sorcery as "banking," a smorgasbord of abominations as "alternative lifestyles," and mass murder as "freedom" & democracy."

When the whole picture is analyzed, the Muslims, indeed, are pathetic when it comes to killing and spreading filth worldwide.

Stay on topic...we aren't talking about America.
So America blows people up for money huh?...........Give an example of this.
I know many country's that oppose the federal regime and the federal regime doesn't bother them...but then again most of these countries don't accept financial aid from America either....so whats your point?

You don't even know what mystery Babylon is to even compare it to something.....nice try...but you're a complete failure to get my emotions going.
Last I read there isn't anything in the bible that suggests or implies using money is sorcery (did you make that up?)...only thing in the Bible about money...is not implementing usury against your Christian kind.
Abominations.......every society in the world has people that live an alternative lifestyle....that goes back clear to Noahs time...it really has nothing to do with any particular country or government (again, did you make this up?).
You are injecting your confusion of certain people in this country wanting to be treated no different than straight people.......I've never heard of or seen any evidence this country bullying another country into an alternative lifestyle....my my you really are using the emotion card!
And for the record....I don't have a problem using a bullet on the alternative life style types...you can line them up with the jihadists murderers for target practice.

Never seen nor heard of America mass murdering as a means to spread freedom and democracy either...(really bought into that crap didn't you)
Sure you didn't believe some crap on tv or the internet? Every time america went into another country with military force it was chasing down assholes and went from there.

[Spectrism]

I know! I was intentionally ambiguous! ;D But it was funny you would mention zero the resident and the non-contribution of Arabs to the number system in the same post! Gotcha!

I thought the topic was muslims not arabs. It seems many/ most arabs have been taken over by islam. But there is a difference.

[7th trump]

I thought the topic was muslims not arabs. It seems many/ most arabs have been taken over by islam. But there is a difference.

Yes, there is a difference....and obviously not many here know this.

[Shami-Amourae]

Whites and Asians are the only ones who produce anything really. Everyone else just mimics or gimmedats.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0stJkUWUyM

[Neuro]

Yes, there is a difference....and obviously not many here know this.
Well you certainly don't. You are one of the first to jump on the zionist bandwagon of supporting the Israeli states attack of the Palestininan population, but you seem to forget that a sizable minority of Palestinians primarily in the West Bank are Christian? Acceptable collateral damage?

Anyway Arab Muslims developed the numerical system including zero, used by west today.

[Shami-Amourae]

All of the "contributions" from Arabs were mostly before Islam took over hold firmly and turned them back to the stone age.

[Neuro]

All of the "contributions" from Arabs were mostly before Islam took over hold firmly and turned them back to the stone age.
When did that happen?

[Shami-Amourae]

When did that happen?

There's different stages, and after each Arabs got increasingly backwards and retarded. I would argue most things went downhill since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. September 11, 1683 was probably the biggest turning point where Arab culture went from growth to decline because of a battle the Ottoman Empire got ass raped in. If you want a specific date that's the closest thing I can come up with. Yeah, the day September 11 was used in 2001 for this reason too.

The odd thing is that Islam has been getting more and more fundamentalist over the years and it's sending Muslims farther back in time and civility. Christianity and Judaism both are becoming less and less fundamentalist. The opposite used to be true in the past (mideval times), hence they you had Muslims kick so much ass in the past and be responsible for so much culture and invention.

[crimethink]

Stay on topic...we aren't talking about America.


We're still waiting to hear what you produce.




So America blows people up for money huh?...........Give an example of this.


Spain
Germany
Germany again
Korea
Vietnam
Grenada
Panama
Iraq
Afghanistan
Iraq again
Libya
Syria




You don't even know what mystery Babylon is to even compare it to something.....nice try...but you're a complete failure to get my emotions going.


Mystery Babylon is the world financial, cultural/media/religious, political, and military system that is led by America. The Harlot has spewed this degenerate "culture" worldwide, at gunpoint.




Last I read there isn't anything in the bible that suggests or implies using money is sorcery (did you make that up?)...only thing in the Bible about money...is not implementing usury against your Christian kind.


I am sorry you are lacking in cognitive capacity.

The creation of "money" from thin air is classic sorcery.




Abominations.......every society in the world has people that live an alternative lifestyle....that goes back clear to Noahs time...it really has nothing to do with any particular country or government (again, did you make this up?).


You are a fool or a liar, or both. America has imposed its degenerate "culture" on most of the planet at gunpoint. Anyone who opposes Mystery Bablyon is "Hitler" or a "terrorist."




You are injecting your confusion of certain people in this country wanting to be treated no different than straight people.......I've never heard of or seen any evidence this country bullying another country into an alternative lifestyle....my my you really are using the emotion card!


Adultery, worship of money, idolatry of countless things - these are all sin immorally equal to homosexuality, and America has led the charge to make them the norm.




And for the record....I don't have a problem using a bullet on the alternative life style types...you can line them up with the jihadists murderers for target practice.


Just queers, or all the perverts?




Never seen nor heard of America mass murdering as a means to spread freedom and democracy either...(really bought into that crap didn't you)
Sure you didn't believe some crap on tv or the internet? Every time america went into another country with military force it was chasing down assholes and went from there.

"Freedom" and "democracy":

http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Stillman-Hiroshima-690.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0309-310,_Zerst%C3%B6rtes_Dresden.jpg http://www.terencebunch.co.uk/articles/iraq-the-united-states-empire-and-the-failure-of-globalist-war-geostrategy-in-south-west-asia/incinerated-iraqi-in-a-vehicle-the-highway-of-death-iraq-kuwait-1991.jpg


God's wrath is going to be poured out upon America, and not one patriotard will survive it. Your fake "gospel" you preach will not only not protect you - it will earn you an overflowing cup of God's justice.

[Shami-Amourae]

God's wrath is going to be poured out upon America, and not one patriotard will survive it. Your fake "gospel" you preach will not only not protect you - it will earn you an overflowing cup of God's justice.

I think we are in store for a slow burn. Many of the people who are dependent solely on government handouts will slowly move into starvation, and then cannibalization (both of community, civilization, and then maybe even flesh.) The current middle class people will move into the standard of living that most poor Americans face now. There will most likely be a minimum income system considering there will be so much automation and a majority of people will be unemployable. This will be the final nail in the middle class since whatever money they make will be confiscated to fund the minimum income scheme.

I believe the only real survivors will be the entrepreneurs who are smart and innovative enough to find their own little niches that mega-corporations wont fill the void of. Of course there will be a break away society of the ultra-rich 1%✡ who will both run and merge with the robots/machines. The whole Police State infrastructure is being built up around to protect the ruling class during this transition phase where much of the lower classes die off, but it's going to be a slow burn.

There will be no short term "judgement". That already happened a long time ago.

There is no god. Only Evil reins, and is rewarded. Only the wicked, lucky, or most adaptable will survive.

[Neuro]

There's different stages, and after each Arabs got increasingly backwards and retarded. I would argue most things went downhill since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. September 11, 1683 was probably the biggest turning point where Arab culture went from growth to decline because of a battle the Ottoman Empire got ass raped in. If you want a specific date that's the closest thing I can come up with. Yeah, the day September 11 was used in 2001 for this reason too.

The odd thing is that Islam has been getting more and more fundamentalist over the years and it's sending Muslims farther back in time and civility. Christianity and Judaism both are becoming less and less fundamentalist. The opposite used to be true in the past (mideval times), hence they you had Muslims kick so much ass in the past and be responsible for so much culture and invention.
Yes, Ottoman Empire was in a slow but accelerating decline since then, the last 50 years of its existence it was downright rotten, but overall better than what happened to the Arab world at large after its dissolution. The main reason Turkey has done so well industrially and developmentally compared to other parts of the Arab world, is that following the fall of the empire, Atatürks Revolution followed, which secularized the economy and government, between 1923 to around 2000, but never the bulk of the population unfortunately, which voted in the currently ruling Islamic AK Party. The changes until around 2008-10 in my approximation were modest, but their people with especially now President Erdogan leading has started to take over the control of the economy from the secular industrialists. The rules have always been a bit flexible in Turkey, but let's say that they were bent tastefully before. Enormous corruption has been exposed re the gang of crooks around Erdogan, where attorneys and judges have ordered the arrest of the people involved, but where the police has refused to carry out the orders, and where the judges and attorneys giving those orders has found themselves fired and or arrested the next day, and the evidence is public knowledge like leaked phone conversations between Erdogan and his son, discussing what to do with the cash money stored in their houses and with relatives and where he instructs his son on how to handle a business man in their gang of crooks (usually in construction business) who didn't come up with the fully agreed bribe of 50 million Dollars in cash. The religious seems not to care one iota about this criminal corruption at the top, instead they think that it is good that one of their own people is so successful, some people even thinks that he is going to use his stolen fortune of about €1Billion for religious donations etc in the future. This country is going downhill fast, but people hasn't noticed this yet in their wallets. The secular industrialist families who built the economy from 1930-2000 is slowly liquidating their assets preparing to leave. Those with an education and ability to think prepares or at least wants to leave.

For the rest of the Middle East I would say there has been an ongoing campaign of radicalization that started around the birth of the State of Israel in 1948. Partly it is a reaction to the decay of their societies, partly it is a reaction to the displacement of the Palestinian people and the continuous Israeli war on the entire Middle East by America, and partly it is covert operations by CIA and Mossad, designed to create an enemy.

[optionT]

Lol!

[7th trump]

We're still waiting to hear what you produce.




Spain
Germany
Germany again
Korea
Vietnam
Grenada
Panama
Iraq
Afghanistan
Iraq again
Libya
Syria




Mystery Babylon is the world financial, cultural/media/religious, political, and military system that is led by America. The Harlot has spewed this degenerate "culture" worldwide, at gunpoint.




I am sorry you are lacking in cognitive capacity.

The creation of "money" from thin air is classic sorcery.




You are a fool or a liar, or both. America has imposed its degenerate "culture" on most of the planet at gunpoint. Anyone who opposes Mystery Bablyon is "Hitler" or a "terrorist."




Adultery, worship of money, idolatry of countless things - these are all sin immorally equal to homosexuality, and America has led the charge to make them the norm.




Just queers, or all the perverts?




"Freedom" and "democracy":

http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Stillman-Hiroshima-690.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0309-310,_Zerst%C3%B6rtes_Dresden.jpg http://www.terencebunch.co.uk/articles/iraq-the-united-states-empire-and-the-failure-of-globalist-war-geostrategy-in-south-west-asia/incinerated-iraqi-in-a-vehicle-the-highway-of-death-iraq-kuwait-1991.jpg


God's wrath is going to be poured out upon America, and not one patriotard will survive it. Your fake "gospel" you preach will not only not protect you - it will earn you an overflowing cup of God's justice.

Really?
Those are just country's.
I said show me an example of America blowing up things for money.
For example you list Germany.
When did America go to Germany and blow it up for money.
Last I heard we went to war with Germany to stop Hitler. Before that Germany attacked over an assassination that started WW1...nothing about money...so what is it you are smoking?

That's not mystery Babylon pal.....at best a clever guess, but not mystery Babylon....try again!


Again.......there's nothing in the Bible outlining what is and what is not to be "money".....try again!
The banks don't make money out of thin air....a borrower signs a note creating money out of thin air....the banks cant do this without a signature from a borrower.
I work 40 hours a week to make money out of thin air when I go and cash the pay check at the bank. So in essence working to get a pay check is making money out of thin air.....you never thought of that have you?........nope you havent.
All you've been doing is reciting what you hear on the net which is a load of bullcrap about banks making money out of thin air. Banks cannot make money out thin air...never have and never did....some one has to borrow it into existence or work for it.
Try again!

Please show me one instance where America forced its way into another country with an agenda to spread sodomy and the ilk?


The rest of your tripe isn't even worth responding to.

[Horn]

The Lord hath blessed them with oil in our time as they're chosen.

The Lord's chosen have no need to produce anything else exclusively.

[crimethink]

I think we are in store for a slow burn. Many of the people who are dependent solely on government handouts will slowly move into starvation, and then cannibalization (both of community, civilization, and then maybe even flesh.) The current middle class people will move into the standard of living that most poor Americans face now. There will most likely be a minimum income system considering there will be so much automation and a majority of people will be unemployable. This will be the final nail in the middle class since whatever money they make will be confiscated to fund the minimum income scheme.

I believe the only real survivors will be the entrepreneurs who are smart and innovative enough to find their own little niches that mega-corporations wont fill the void of. Of course there will be a break away society of the ultra-rich 1%✡ who will both run and merge with the robots/machines. The whole Police State infrastructure is being built up around to protect the ruling class during this transition phase where much of the lower classes die off, but it's going to be a slow burn.

There will be no short term "judgement". That already happened a long time ago.

There is no god. Only Evil reins, and is rewarded. Only the wicked, lucky, or most adaptable will survive.

As the saying goes, if you (think and) live like there is no God, you better be right.

St. John warned us of an incomprehensible world control grid in Revelation, and it's being erected before our eyes. There is no human way possible he could have envisioned such an apparatus in his era. The prophecy was authentic. You are correct: things will continue to get worse, gradually. Or, as I call it, "The Slide." Terrors galore shall be witnessed, and the masses will call for - and do - anything for relief, including taking the Mark. But eventually, it's coming to a head. The god of this world shall try to erect himself as Eternal Lord, and he's going to get the smackdown of the ages. Along with him goes the world control grid apparatus, called Mystery Babylon, and largely coexistent with "America." "America," of course, does not come from Amerigo Vespucci, but "Amaruca," the land of the plumed serpent.

Evil will continue to win, and it will look like it will have total victory. And then, the End. All will confess He is the Almighty.

[crimethink]

Really?

Can't you take being beaten like a man, and just admit it?

[EE_]

There is no god. Only Evil reins, and is rewarded. Only the wicked, lucky, or most adaptable will survive.

If you really believe there is no possibility God exists, then you should get wicked like the rest of evil people.

Get out there and take what you think should be rightfully yours, kill anyone that stands in your way...family, friends, or neighbors. Rape pillage and plunder should be the order of the day!

Plan your assault on mankind in a way you won't be caught and sentenced by other men's rules...power and wealth can be yours too!

Most people don't realize their silly morals/values came from a once very Christian nation.
Shed those values, decide for yourself what is right for you to gain what you need, or want.

If you believe there is no possibility of judgement, the sky is the limit on evil. Take your just rewards!

Man has been slaughtering other men since the beginning of time, the only thing that stops most men from doing the same, is the silly Christian values that have been drummed into society.

[7th trump]

Can't you take being beaten like a man, and just admit it?

What beating?
WW1 and WW2 were not over money.
The US has never went into another country with force just to shake the pocket change out of that society.
WW1 was over Germany being attacked (escalated from an assassination), WW2 was to stop Hitler (the US was pulled into that war because of Japan's attack on pearl harbor)
Every war the US was involved in wasn't because of money.
The US has never declared war to shake the pocket change out of peoples pockets.


Admit it....you've been listening to blind fools and believed their tripe as truth...because that's what you wanted to hear.
Look at your bank comment....banks don't make money out thin air......people sign money into thin air in the form of paychecks every week or borrow it.......but banks don't make money out of thin air until some one signs it into existence or works for it into existence.

How long did you believe in this "banks make money out of thin air" lie?
I bet a very long time....what other lies have you believed in.
Now you have to go and rethink all your beleifs you hold and test them...and you can only do that by being honest with yourself

[Celtic Rogue]

How long did you believe in this "banks make money out of thin air" lie? Lie? LOL only a fool could not see that this is what the nbankers are doing over and over again!

Most of the money in national economies is created when banks write it into their customers’ accounts out of thin air as bank loans.

http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_1.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


You earn $100 and put it in the bank. And then…









http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif

The bank keeps $10 in its Federal Reserve account …
This is the “reserve,” which the bank uses when customers withdraw funds. As a rule, depositors don’t take out more than 10% of the money they have on deposit on any given day.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_3.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Then loans Susie $90, at interest.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_4.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Susie deposits the $90 in her bank. That bank keeps 10% ($9) in reserve and loans Joe $81, at interest.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_5.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


See how it all adds up—for the banks.
You now have $100 in your account. Susie has $90 in hers. Joe has $81.
There’s now $271 total in accounts that you and Susie and Joe can spend, and it all came from your $100 deposit. The banks have created an additional $171 by loaning it into existence.










Imagine this money trick over and over.
If you do this operation 50 times, that $100 turns into $995.25—$885.25 in loans, and your original $100.








http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Mad math: If those loans are for one year at 10% interest, the banks will make $88.53. If they’d only been able to loan your $100, they’d make $10.

[EE_]

WW1 and WW2 were not over money.
The US has never went into another country with force just to shake the pocket change out of that society.


You sure about that?
Someone has gained over every war, not to mention that bankers have gained over all wars.
Power over others is money and money is power!

[Horn]

Oil is money.

[7th trump]

Lie? LOL only a fool could not see that this is what the nbankers are doing over and over again!

Most of the money in national economies is created when banks write it into their customers’ accounts out of thin air as bank loans.

http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_1.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


You earn $100 and put it in the bank. And then…









http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif

The bank keeps $10 in its Federal Reserve account …
This is the “reserve,” which the bank uses when customers withdraw funds. As a rule, depositors don’t take out more than 10% of the money they have on deposit on any given day.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_3.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Then loans Susie $90, at interest.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_4.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Susie deposits the $90 in her bank. That bank keeps 10% ($9) in reserve and loans Joe $81, at interest.






http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/issues/103/50Money_5.jpg


http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


See how it all adds up—for the banks.
You now have $100 in your account. Susie has $90 in hers. Joe has $81.
There’s now $271 total in accounts that you and Susie and Joe can spend, and it all came from your $100 deposit. The banks have created an additional $171 by loaning it into existence.










Imagine this money trick over and over.
If you do this operation 50 times, that $100 turns into $995.25—$885.25 in loans, and your original $100.








http://www.yesmagazine.org/images/1x1trans.gif


Mad math: If those loans are for one year at 10% interest, the banks will make $88.53. If they’d only been able to loan your $100, they’d make $10.





Ok celtic...you failed........before ever getting off the launch pad.

The very first cartoon proves you are ignorant of money.........and most likely got the idea from idiots on the internet. No critical thinking on your part is there?
Nope...no critical thinking on your part what so ever. All I see is you're just another hasty person clinging to conspiracy's.

Who earned the 100.00 for the bank to take 90% and loan it out? (this isnt a hard one celtic....they tell you in the cartoon)
1. The guy portrayed in the picture or-
2. The bank the guy deposited the money into?

It was the earner who created the money...not the banks!

Like I said banks dont make money out of thin air....people do when they earn a paycheck and endorse it (the signiture) at the bank.
After that the bank can do with the deposit all it wants......but despite your beleifs the bank didnt make money out of thin air....the depositor did.

Banks have never made money out of thin air.
The reserve system can print enough fiat to fill a 100 square mile warehouse........but it wont hit the streets until the Treasury call it up to cover the millions of people working and borrowing.
Its not money until someone (not banks) signs on the dotted line.

Now you can convolute all you want to try and prove me wrong that banks do not create money out of thin air all you want....but you'll never get around that people make money from their signiture...whether it be a loan or payroll.

Your not a very intelligent person celtic.......and my 7 year old daughter understands this.

[Neuro]

Ok celtic...you failed........before ever getting off the launch pad.

The very first cartoon proves you are ignorant of money.........and most likely got the idea from idiots on the internet. No critical thinking on your part is there?
Nope...no critical thinking on your part what so ever. All I see is you're just another hasty person clinging to conspiracy's.

Who earned the 100.00 for the bank to take 90% and loan it out? (this isnt a hard one celtic....they tell you in the cartoon)
1. The guy portrayed in the picture or-
2. The bank the guy deposited the money into?

It was the earner who created the money...not the banks!

Like I said banks dont make money out of thin air....people do when they earn a paycheck and endorse it (the signiture) at the bank.
After that the bank can do with the deposit all it wants......but despite your beleifs the bank didnt make money out of thin air....the depositor did.

Banks have never made money out of thin air.
The reserve system can print enough fiat to fill a 100 square mile warehouse........but it wont hit the streets until the Treasury call it up to cover the millions of people working and borrowing.
Its not money until someone (not banks) signs on the dotted line.

Now you can convolute all you want to try and prove me wrong that banks do not create money out of thin air all you want....but you'll never get around that people make money from their signiture...whether it be a loan or payroll.

Your not a very intelligent person celtic.......and my 7 year old daughter understands this.
The signature is what backs the loan the bank creates. Take a month to figure that out! Banned for personal attack, extra length added for repetition!

[Celtic Rogue]

Please.... Please dont ban him for that! I have called him a bigot and he calls me not very intelligent! He has a right to his opinion and I have a right to mine. I dont really worry about a little name calling we are just discussing topics and sometimes we get a little intense for the situation. We are all adults and I know we have rules... but this is not really a personal attack in my opinion. If you ban him you should ban me as well. I vote for no one being banned for this. He is just talking ...He has his beliefs and I have mine... that is why we come to the forum to discus the differences. I always fight on the side of open and free discussion... even if it get a little heated on occasion! It just means that we are alive. I really dont take offense to this name calling... Its not really a personal attack... at least to me!

[Neuro]

He is a bigot and you are intelligent, but we have it your way. He is back, enjoy!

[Horn]

He is a bigot and you are intelligent, but we have it your way. He is back, enjoy!


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIiY9Li9G0E

[crimethink]

Please.... Please dont ban him for that! I have called him a bigot and he calls me not very intelligent! He has a right to his opinion and I have a right to mine. I dont really worry about a little name calling we are just discussing topics and sometimes we get a little intense for the situation. We are all adults and I know we have rules... but this is not really a personal attack in my opinion. If you ban him you should ban me as well. I vote for no one being banned for this. He is just talking ...He has his beliefs and I have mine... that is why we come to the forum to discus the differences. I always fight on the side of open and free discussion... even if it get a little heated on occasion! It just means that we are alive. I really dont take offense to this name calling... Its not really a personal attack... at least to me!

The more he posts, the more he exposes himself to all intelligent folk.

I put him on ignore last night. I recommend everyone tired of his crap do the same.