(more!) ISIS!

[midnight rambler]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security

[BrewTech]

Rockefeller funded... interesting.

[mick silver]

good catch midnight ............. still shaking my head the more you look the more you see the rich mother ficker doing their dirty work around the work if it not soros it the Rockefeller ... list of names to who own this shit ....
The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a nonprofit, non-governmental institution to inform the public about "science and policy issues affecting international security (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_security)."[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-AboutISIS-1) Founded in 1993, the group is led by founder and former United Nations IAEA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAEA) nuclear inspector David Albright (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright).[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-2) ISIS was founded on a belief that scientists have an obligation to participate actively in solving major problems of national and international security. ISIS focuses primarily on four parts: 1) prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons) and related technology to other nations and terrorists, 2) lead to greater transparency of nuclear activities worldwide, 3) reinforce the international non-proliferation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proliferation) regime, and 4) cut down nuclear arsenals. Furthermore, ISIS seeks to build stable foundations for various efforts to reduce the threat posed by nuclear weapons to U.S. and international security by integrating technical, scientific and policy research. As the effectiveness of ISIS was appreciated and recognized in the 2011 and 2012 Global “Go-To Think Tanks” rankings, ISIS was placed in the top 25 Science and Technology Think Tanks in the world.[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-3)[promotional language (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#SOAPBOX)]
Contents

[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#)]


1 Board and funding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#B oard_and_funding)
2 Staff (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#S taff)
3 Focus and analysis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#F ocus_and_analysis)

3.1 ISIS and Iraq (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#I SIS_and_Iraq)
3.2 ISIS and Iran (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#I SIS_and_Iran)
3.3 ISIS and Myanmar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#I SIS_and_Myanmar)


4 Reception to ISIS (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#R eception_to_ISIS)
5 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#R eferences)
6 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#E xternal_links)


Board and funding[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=1)]

ISIS's board consists of the following members:[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-4)


David Albright - Chairman/President
Michael Rietz - Treasurer, Lawyer, private practice
John Redick - Charlottesville-Albemarle Community Foundation
Steven Aftergood - Federation of American Scientists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists)
Corey Hinderstein - Nuclear Threat Initiative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative)

ISIS has been funded by:[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-5) Ploughshares Fund, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Colombe Foundation, New-Land Foundation, The Prospect Hill Foundation, United States Institute of Peace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace), The International Atomic Energy Agency, Ford Foundation, The Scherman Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, Compton Foundation, The Stanley Foundation, The John Merck Fund, The Rockefeller Foundation, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, United States Department of Energy
Staff[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=2)]

ISIS's staff consists of the following people:[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-6)


David Albright (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright) – President and Founder of ISIS
Andrea Stricker – Research Analyst and Public Relations Assistant
Robert Avagyan – Research Analyst
Christina Walrond – Research Analyst
Susan Basu – Consultant
Mahdi Obeidi – Consultant

Focus and analysis[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=3)]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Natanz_isis_annotated.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natanz_isis_annotated.jpg) ISIS-DigitalGlobe satellite imagery analysis of the Natanz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz) Uranium Enrichment Plant in Iran. February 25, 2006.


The institute regularly publishes technical analyses of nuclear proliferation programs by examining technical data and satellite imagery. ISIS is cited in non-proliferation circles and in international media regarding its analysis. The majority of the current material produced by ISIS is focused on the analysis and monitoring of the nuclear programs of North Korea, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, and cases of worldwide illicit nuclear trade.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-7)
ISIS and Iraq[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=4)]

In August 1991, David Albright and Mark Hibbs, writing for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists) wrote that there were many technological challenges unsolved with Iraq's nuclear program. Albright and Hibbs wrote that Iraq's nuclear program "was so primitive that the international sanctions put in place after the August 2 invasion may have had more substantive effect than the tons of bombs dropped by U.S. and allied planes five months later".[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-8)
In an October 2002 posting ISIS published a report which said "One of the most significant accomplishments of the intrusive inspections mandated by UN Security Council in 1991 is that Iraq is not believed to have nuclear weapons now. This single accomplishment demonstrates both the power and value of intrusive nuclear inspections in Iraq." The report further argued that "the nuclear inspection process provided a powerful deterrent against Iraq reconstituting its nuclear weapons program until inspectors left in late 1998."[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-9)
ISIS and Iran[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=5)]

ISIS has been following since the 1990s the circumstances surrounding the Iranian nuclear program and has created a website dedicated to informing readers about the history of Iran's nuclear program and facilities, providing IAEA reports, providing information about diplomatic efforts, and providing ISIS technical assessments.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-10)[promotional language (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#SOAPBOX)]
A June 2009 posting on ISIS argued that "we do know that a lasting, military solution to Iran’s nuclear program is not realistic. This leaves diplomacy as the best route to bring about a suspension of Iran’s uranium enrichment program, regardless of who holds Iran’s presidency."[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-11)
On October 2, 2009 ISIS posted a subject to revision working document by IAEA safeguards experts which it described as an "Internal IAEA Document on Alleged Iranian Nuclear Weaponization".[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-12) The document led media to report that Iran has tested a two-point implosion design.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-13) Gordon Oehler, who ran the CIA’s nonproliferation center and served as deputy director of the presidential commission on weapons of mass destruction, wrote “if someone has a good idea for a missile program, and he has really good connections, he’ll get that program through.. But that doesn’t mean there is a master plan for a nuclear weapon.”[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-ACW_ID-14) Outside experts noted that the parts of the report made public lack many dates associated with Iran's alleged activities.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-15) The Washington Post reported that "nowhere are there construction orders, payment invoices, or more than a handful of names and locations possibly connected to the projects."[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-16) Former IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei said the Agency didn't have any information that nuclear material has been used and didn't have any information that any components of nuclear weapons had been manufactured.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-AEOI_PC-17) Iran asserted that the documents were a fabrication, while the IAEA urged Iran to be more cooperative and Member States to provide more information about the allegations to be shared with Iran.[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-18)
In December 2009, the conservative-leaning[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-19)[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-20) The Times (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times), working with ISIS analysis, claimed that a document from an unnamed Asian intelligence agency described the use of a neutron source which has no use other than in a nuclear weapon, and claimed the document appeared to be from an office in Iran's Defense Ministry and may have been from around 2007.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-21)[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-22) The Institute for Science and International Security, said that it “urges caution and further assessment” of the document and noted that "the document does not mention nuclear weapons .. and we have seen no evidence of an Iranian decision to build them.”[23] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-NYTPuzzled-23) Western intelligence agencies did not give any authentication to the document,[23] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-NYTPuzzled-23) while Russia noted that though the IAEA is in possession of these documents, the IAEA's findings "do not contain any conclusions about the presence of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran."[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-24) In response to allegations that the document was forged from Iran and some within the United States,[25] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-25)[26] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-26) Albright said ISIS felt "that this document does need to be authenticated, and we welcome a debate and actually a collecting [of] information from people, people who've done linguistic analysis, inside information".[27] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-27)
ISIS and Myanmar[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=6)]

In a January 28, 2010 report, ISIS found: "There remain sound reasons to suspect that the military regime in Burma might be pursuing a long-term strategy to make nuclear weapons. Despite the public reports to the contrary, the military junta does not appear to be close to establishing a significant nuclear capability. Information suggesting the construction of major nuclear facilities appears unreliable or inconclusive."[28] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-28) During an ASEAN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) meeting in Thailand in July 2009, US secretary of state Hillary Clinton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) highlighted concerns of the North Korean link. "We know there are also growing concerns about military cooperation between North Korea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) and Burma (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma) which we take very seriously," Clinton said.[29] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-29)
Reception to ISIS[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Science_and_Internat ional_Security&action=edit&section=7)]

A National Journal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journal) profile in 2004 called Albright a “go-to guy for media people seeking independent analysis on Iraq’s [weapons of mass destruction] programs.”[30] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-30)
In 2006, David Albright received the prestigious Joseph A. Burton Forum Award from the American Physical Society, a professional society of American physicists. He was cited for "his tireless and productive efforts to slow the transfer of nuclear weapons technology. He brings a unique combination of deep understanding, objectivity, and effectiveness to this vexed area.”[31] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security#c ite_note-APS-31)[promotional language (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#SOAPBOX)]

[mick silver]

David AlbrightFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#mw-head), search (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#p-search)
David Albright, M.Sc., is the founder of the non-governmental Institute for Science and International Security (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Science_and_International_Security) (ISIS), its current president, and author of several books on proliferation of atomic weapons (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weapons). Albright holds a Master of Science (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science) in physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics) from Indiana University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University) and a M.Sc. in mathematics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics) from Wright State University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_State_University). He has taught physics at George Mason University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University) in Virginia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia).
From 1990 to 2001, Albright was a member of the Colorado State (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State) Health Advisory Panel, participating in its assessment of the toxicological (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology) and radiological (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation) effects on the population near the Rocky Flats (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant) atomic weapons production site.
1992–97, David Albright was associated with the International Atomic Energy Agency (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency)'s Action Team. In June 1996, he was invited to be the first non-governmental inspector of Iraq's nuclear program (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNSCOM) and questioned Iraqi officials about that country's uranium enrichment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment) program.
In 2001 Albright prepared an analysis, for CNN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN), of documents found in an abandoned Al Qaeda safe house in Kabul (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda_safe_house_in_Kabul) believed to have been used by Abu Khabbab, who they described as "Osama bin Laden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden)'s top chemical and biological weapons commander."[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-Cnn2002-06-10-1) Albright confirmed the abandoned documents included plans for a nuclear bomb, and extensive training notes on the handling of radiological material.
In September 2002, Albright and his organization ISIS were the first to publicly criticize the claims of the Bush administration and the CIA about the infamous Iraqi aluminum tubes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_aluminum_tubes). In response to Iraqi aluminum tubes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_aluminum_tubes), Albright said it was far from clear that the tubes were intended for a uranium centrifuge.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-2) From the August/September 2003 American Journalism Review (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journalism_Review): "On December 8 [2002] Bob Simon reported on 60 Minutes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes) that the aluminum tubes story was being challenged. He quoted British intelligence officials and David Albright, a weapons inspector in Iraq for the U.N. in the 1990s. Albright said, 'People who understood gas centrifuges almost uniformly felt that these tubes were not specific to gas centrifuge use.' Simon said to Albright: 'It seems that what you're suggesting is that the administration's leak to the New York Times, regarding aluminum tubes, was misleading?' Albright: 'Oh, I think it was. I think—I think it was very misleading.'"[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-3)
"If the U.S. government puts out bad information it runs a risk of undermining the good information it possesses. In this case, I fear that the information was put out there for a short-term political goal: to convince people that Saddam Hussein is close to acquiring nuclear weapons."[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-4)
Albright subsequently exposed flaws in the Bush administration's other so-called nuclear evidence in the run-up to the Iraq war. Prior to the start of the war, he also became skeptical that Iraq had sizeable stocks of chemical and biological weapons.
A National Journal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journal) profile in 2004 called Albright a "go-to guy for media people seeking independent analysis on Iraq's [weapons of mass destruction] programs."[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-5)
In 2006 Albright received the prestigious Joseph A. Burton Forum Award from the American Physical Society, a professional society of American physicists. He was cited "For his tireless and productive efforts to slow the transfer of nuclear weapons technology. He brings a unique combination of deep understanding, objectivity, and effectiveness to this vexed area."[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-6)
A report by Albright was quoted in a June 15, 2008 article in the Washington Post.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-7) He stated in a leaked copy of a draft report (to be released in full the week of June 15, 2008) that a nuclear weapons smuggling ring—which sold bomb-related parts to Libya, North Korea, and Iran—possessed plans to an advanced nuclear device, compact enough to fit on a ballistic missile used by Iran and a dozen other developing countries. It was unknown if these plans had been shared with any regime; and the plans had recently been destroyed.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-8)
Albright was a guest on The Colbert Report (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbert_Report) February 2011[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_note-9) and spoke about Stuxnet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet).
References[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Albright&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro)]

Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-Cnn2002-06-10_1-0) "CNN Discovers al Qaeda's Blueprints for Bombs" (http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/10/bn.10.html). CNN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN). 2002-06-10. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-2) Julian Borger in Washington (October 9, 2002). "White House 'exaggerating Iraqi threat'" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/oct/09/iraq.usa). The Guardian (UK). Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-3) Charles Layton (August–September 2003). "Miller Brouhaha" (http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=3057). American Journalism Review. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-4) "U.S. Claim on Iraqi Nuclear Program Is Called Into Question" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A35360-2003Jan23?language=printer). The Washington Post. January 24, 2003. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-5) Gregg Sangillo and Mark Kukis (May 25, 2004). "The Experts: Weapons Threat Nuclear, and Other, Worries" (http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/news/2004/05/0521nj7.htm). National Journal. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-6) http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?name=David%20Albright&year=2006
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-7) Warrick, Joby (2008-06-15). "Smugglers Had Design for Advanced Warhead" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/14/AR2008061402032.html?hpid=topnews). Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-8) "Fears over nuclear weapon plans" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7455249.stm). BBC News (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). June 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright#cite_ref-9) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1844176/


External links[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Albright&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro)]

http://isis-online.org/about/staff/albright/ – bio

[mick silver]

are all the names on this list jewish .... Board members include:

Joan Rohlfing (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Rohlfing&action=edit&redlink=1), President and Chief Operating Officer
Charles B. Curtis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Curtis), President Emeritus
Dr. Alexei Arbatov (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Arbatov), Head, Center for International Security at Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences
Pete Domenici (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Domenici), Senior Fellow, Bipartisan Policy Center (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Policy_Center)
Susan Eisenhower (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Eisenhower), President of The Eisenhower Group
Ambassador Rolf Ekeus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Ekeus), Chairman of the Board, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Eugene Habiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Habiger) General USAF (Ret.), former Commander in Chief of the U.S. Strategic Command
HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_El_Hassan_bin_Talal) of Jordan
Pierre Lellouche (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lellouche), Member of the French National Assembly
U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Lugar) R-Indiana
Dr. Jessica Mathews (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mathews), President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Judge Hisashi Owada (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Owada), International Court of Justice
Dr. William Perry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry), former U.S. Secretary of Defense
Dr. Nafis Sadik (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafis_Sadik), Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General
Professor Amartya Sen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen), Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University
Rt. Hon. Shirley Williams (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Williams), House of Lords, UK
Professor Fujia Yang (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujia_Yang), Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

[mick silver]

hope it's alright I am going to add this info here midnight ................................ Alleged collaboration with Israel[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_d estruction&action=edit&section=4)]

See also: Israel–South Africa Agreement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement)
David Albright (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Albright) and Chris McGreal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McGreal) have claimed that South African projects to develop nuclear weapons during the 1970s and 1980s were undertaken with some cooperation from Israel.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-guardian1-11)[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-12)[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-13) The United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_418) of 4 November 1977 introduced a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa, also requiring all states to refrain from "any co-operation with South Africa in the manufacture and development of nuclear weapons".[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-14)
According to the Nuclear Threat Initiative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative), in 1977 Israel traded 30 grams of tritium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium) for 50 tonnes of South African uranium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium)[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] and in the mid-1980s assisted with the development of the RSA-3 and RSA-4 ballistic missiles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile), which are similar to Israeli Shavit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavit) and Jericho (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_(missile)) missiles.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-nti1-15) Also in 1977, according to foreign press reports, it was suspected that South Africa signed a pact with Israel that included the transfer of military technology and the manufacture of at least six nuclear bombs.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-jpost1-16)
In September 1979, a US Vela satellite (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(satellite)) detected a double flash over the Indian Ocean that was suspected, but never confirmed to be a nuclear test, despite extensive air sampling by WC-135 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix) aircraft of the United States Air Force (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force). If the Vela Incident (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident) was a nuclear test, South Africa is one of the countries, possibly in collaboration with Israel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel), that is suspected of carrying it out. No official confirmation of its being a nuclear test has been made by South Africa, and expert agencies[who? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)] have disagreed on their assessments. In 1997, South African Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz Pahad (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Pahad) stated that South Africa had conducted a test, but later retracted his statement as being a report of rumours.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-17)
In February 1994 Commodore Dieter Gerhardt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt), former commander of South Africa's Simon's Town naval base (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Base_Simon%27s_Town) who was later convicted of spying for the USSR, was reported to have said:


“
Although I was not directly involved in planning or carrying out the operation, I learned unofficially that the flash was produced by an Israeli-South African test code-named Operation Phoenix (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident). The explosion was clean and was not supposed to be detected. But they were not as smart as they thought, and the weather changed – so the Americans were able to pick it up.[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-18)[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-19)
”


In 2000, Gerhardt claimed that Israel agreed in 1974 to arm eight Jericho II (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_missile) missiles with "special warheads" for South Africa.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-20)
In 2010, The Guardian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) released South African government documents that it alleged confirmed the existence of Israel's nuclear arsenal. According to The Guardian, the documents were associated with an Israeli offer to sell South Africa nuclear weapons in 1975.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-21)[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-22) Israel categorically denied these allegations and said that the documents do not indicate any offer for a sale of nuclear weapons. Israeli President Shimon Peres (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres) said that The Guardian article was based on "selective interpretation... and not on concrete facts."[23] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-23) Avner Cohen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avner_Cohen), author of Israel and the Bomb and the forthcoming The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's Bargain with the Bomb, said "Nothing in the documents suggests there was an actual offer by Israel to sell nuclear weapons to the regime in Pretoria."[24] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-24)
Dismantling[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_d estruction&action=edit&section=5)]

South African forces feared the threat of a "domino effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory)" in favour of communism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism), represented in southern Africa by Cuban proxy forces in Angola (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola) and threatening Namibia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia). In 1988 South Africa signed the Tripartite Accord (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)) with Cuba and Angola, which led to the withdrawal of South African and Cuban troops from Angola and independence for Namibia. The pre-emptive elimination of nuclear weapons was expected to make a significant contribution toward regional stability and peace, and also to help restore South Africa's credibility in regional and international politics.
South Africa ended its nuclear weapons programme in 1989. All the bombs (six constructed and one under construction) were dismantled and South Africa acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) when South African Ambassador to the United States Harry Schwarz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schwarz) signed the treaty in 1991. On 19 August 1994, after completing its inspection, the International Atomic Energy Agency (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (IAEA) confirmed that one partially completed and six fully completed nuclear weapons had been dismantled. As a result, the IAEA was satisfied that South Africa's nuclear programme had been converted to peaceful applications. Following this, South Africa joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group) (NSG) as a full member on 5 April 1995. South Africa played a leading role in the establishment of the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Nuclear_Weapon_Free_Zone_Treaty) (also referred to as the Treaty of Pelindaba) in 1996, becoming one of the first members in 1997. South Africa also signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty) in 1996 and ratified (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification) it in 1999.
The Treaty of Pelindaba came into effect on 15 July 2009 once it had been ratified by 28 countries.[25] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-25) This treaty requires that parties will not engage in the research, development, manufacture, stockpiling acquisition, testing, possession, control or stationing of nuclear explosive devices in the territory of parties to the treaty and the dumping of radioactive wastes in the African zone by treaty parties. The African Commission on Nuclear Energy (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Commission_on_Nuclear_Ener gy&action=edit&redlink=1), in order to verify compliance with the treaty, has been established and will be headquartered in South Africa.[26] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#cite_ note-26)


Year
Activity


1950s and 1960s
Scientific work on the feasibility of peaceful nuclear explosives and support to nuclear power production efforts


1969
Atomic Energy Board forms group to evaluate technical and economic aspects of nuclear explosives


1970
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) releases report identifying uses for nuclear explosives


1971
R&D approval granted for "peaceful use of nuclear explosives"


1973
AEC prioritises work on a gun-type design (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon)


1974
Work on a nuclear device and the Vastrap (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastrap) test site are authorised


1977
AEC completes bomb assembly for "cold" test


1978
First HEU (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium) produced; Armscor assumes control of weapons programme


1979
Vela Incident (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident); First bomb with HEU core produced by AEC


1982
First deliverable bomb built; work on weapons safety


1985
Three-phase nuclear strategy reviewed


1987
First production bomb built; seven produced, with an eighth under construction


1988
Armscor prepares Vastrap for a nuclear test


1989
Nuclear weapons dismantled


1991
Accedes to NPT (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty)


Biological and chemical weapons[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_d estruction&action=edit&section=6)]

In October 1998, the report of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa) ) included a chapter on Project Coast (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Coast), a clandestine government chemical and biological warfare program conducted during the 1980s and 1990s. Project Coast (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Coast) started in 1983, ostensibly to produce equipment for defensive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)) purposes, including masks and protective suits. Despite vehement assertions to the contrary, some testimony appeared to show that the programme went well beyond defensive purposes.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)
This section requires expansion (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_d estruction&action=edit). (May 2011)


See also[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_d estruction&action=edit&section=7)]



African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Nuclear_Weapons_Free_Zone_Treaty)
History of biological warfare (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biological_warfare)
Helikon vortex separation process (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikon_vortex_separation_process)
Military history of South Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa)
Nuclear weapons and Israel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel)
South African Border War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War)
Overberg Test Range (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overberg_Test_Range)
Cold War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) US pressure[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel&action=edit&section=17)]Main article: Israel–United States relations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations)
The United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) was concerned over possible Israeli nuclear proliferation. US intelligence began to notice the Dimona reactor shortly after construction began, when American U-2 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2) spy planes overflew the reactor,[96] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel#cite_note-relevance-96) leading to a diplomatic clash. In 1960, the outgoing Eisenhower (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) administration asked the Israeli government for an explanation for the mysterious construction near Dimona. Israel's response was that the site was a future textile factory, but that no inspection would be allowed. When Ben-Gurion visited Washington in 1960, he held a series of meetings with State Department (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) officials, and was bluntly told that for Israel to possess nuclear weapons would affect the balance of power in the region.[40] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel#cite_note-Thomas-40) John F. Kennedy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) took office as US President in 1961, he put continuous pressure on Israel to open the plant to American inspection. Reportedly, every high-level meeting and communication between the US and Israeli governments contained a demand for an inspection of Dimona. To increase pressure, Kennedy denied Ben-Gurion a meeting at the White House (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House) - when they met in May 1961, it was at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York) in New York. The meeting itself was dominated by this issue. Ben-Gurion was evasive on the issue for two years, in the face of persistent US demands for an inspection. Finally, in a personal letter dated May 18, 1963, Kennedy threatened Israel with total isolation unless inspectors were allowed into Dimona. However, Ben-Gurion resigned as Prime Minister shortly afterward. His successor, Levi Eshkol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Eshkol), received a similar letter from Kennedy.[97] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel#cite_note-97)
Israel eventually accepted an inspection, and Kennedy made two concessions - the US would sell Israel Hawk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk) anti-aircraft missiles after having refused to sell Israel any major weapon systems for years. In addition, the US government agreed to the Israeli demand that the inspections would be carried out by an all-American team which would schedule its visits weeks in advance, rather than the IAEA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency).

[govcheetos]

Bob Dylan Zimmerman is behind it.

http://youtu.be/4wptG1QAkkM