View Full Version : INSIDE FRACKING: Chevron offers rare look at controversial practice
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:36 AM
http://www.bakersfield.com/news/2015/07/25/inside-fracking-chevron-offers-rare-look-at-controversial-practice.html
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:37 AM
Chevron Corporation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:38 AM
FRACKING FLUID CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
Aside from water and sand, the slurry Chevron and Halliburton inject underground during hydraulic fracturing at the Lost Hills Oil Field contains a mix of chemicals that constitute 1 percent or less of the fluid's total weight.
These chemicals, which may vary depending on an oil field's geology, serve a variety of purposes. Some inhibit well corrosion, while others adjust the acid levels, prevent clay from swelling or kill underground microorganisms.
Overall, this fluid is not safe for human consumption, which is why oil wells that undergo fracking are designed to prevent it from reaching groundwater that might one day be turned into drinking water. This is also why new state regulations require oil companies to test groundwater before and after frack jobs, among other measures to protect human health and safety.
Chevron provided the following list of frack fluid chemicals it uses at Lost Hills, as well as examples of how they are used in other applications:
• Ammonium chloride, a source of nitrogen sometimes used in fertilizers
• Hemicellulase enzyme, derived from plant fiber
• Lactose, a milk derivative commonly used in food and pharmaceutical production
• Monoethanolamine borate, often found in detergents, emulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors
• Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, sometimes used in wastewater treatment and water purification
• Sodium bisulfite, a common food additive that prevents oxidation and preserves flavor
• Sodium chloride, also known table salt
• Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, a base used in various industrial processes
• Sodium persulfate, found in polymers, hair cosmetics, detergent and soil conditioners
• Sodium polyacrylate, used in laundry detergents, artificial snow and disposable diapers
• Sodium sulfate, an ingredient in powdered detergents and the wood pulp and glass industries
Linked Articles
Panelists say fracking debate distracts from bigger issues in oil production (http://www.bakersfield.com/News/Business/2015/09/23/Panelists-say-fracking-debate-distracts-from-bigger-issues-in-oil-production.html)
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:43 AM
Standard OilFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#mw-head), search (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#p-search)
This article is about an oil company that was dissolved in 1911. For successor companies with similar names, see Standard Oil (disambiguation) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_(disambiguation)).
Standard Oil Co. Inc.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Standard_Oil_Logo.svg/368px-Standard_Oil_Logo.svg.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_Oil_Logo.svg)
Former type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity)
Cleveland, Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio) Corporation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation) (1870–1882)
Business Trust (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(19th_century)) (1882–1892)
New Jersey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey) Holding Company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company) (1899–1911)[1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-1)
Industry
Oil and gas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry)
Successor
See list of successor entities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#Successor_companies)
Founded
1870
Defunct
The original Standard Oil Company corporate entity continues in existence and was the operating entity for Sohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohio); The Standard Oil Company was transformed into entities such as ESSO (phonetic spelling of SO), now Exxon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon) and SOcal (now Chevron (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation)) [2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-Ohio_Secretary_of_State-2)
Headquarters
Cleveland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland), Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio) (1870–1885)
New York City (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City), New York (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York) (1885–1911)[3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-3)
Key people
John D. Rockefeller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller), Founder & Chairman
Stephen V. Harkness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_V._Harkness), initial investor
Henry M. Flagler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Flagler), Senior Executive
John H. Swearingen (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Swearingen&action=edit&redlink=1), President
John D. Archbold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Archbold), Vice President
William Rockefeller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rockefeller), Senior Executive & New York Representative
Samuel Andrews (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Andrews_(chemist)), Chemist & First Chief of Refining Operations
Charles Pratt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pratt), Senior Executive
Henry H. Rogers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Rogers), Senior Executive
Oliver H. Payne (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_H._Payne), Senior Executive
Joseph E. Edens (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Edens&action=edit&redlink=1), initial investor
Daniel O'Day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Day), Senior Executive
Jabez A. Bostwick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez_A._Bostwick), Senior Executive & First Treasurer
William G. Warden (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_G._Warden&action=edit&redlink=1),[4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-4) Senior Executive
Jacob Vandergrift (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Vandergrift&action=edit&redlink=1),[5] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-5) Senior Executive
Products
Fuel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel), Lubricant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant), Petrochemicals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicals)
Number of employees
60,000 (1909)[6] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-6)
Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) oil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller) as a corporation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation) in Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio), it was the largest oil refiner in the world of its time.[7] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#cite_note-7) Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation) ended in 1911, when the United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) Supreme Court (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) ruled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_Co._of_New_Jersey_v._United_States) that Standard was an illegal monopoly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly)
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:48 AM
John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate) and philanthropist. He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil) Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry), and along with other key contemporary industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie), defined the structure of modern philanthropy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy). In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and actively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.[3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-3)
Rockefeller founded Standard Oil as an Ohio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio) partnership with his brother William (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rockefeller) along with Henry Flagler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Flagler), Jabez A. Bostwick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez_A._Bostwick), chemist Samuel Andrews (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Andrews_(chemist)), and a silent partner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership#Common_law), Stephen V. Harkness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_V._Harkness). As kerosene (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene) and gasoline (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline) grew in importance, Rockefeller's wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and the first American worth more than a billion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)) dollars, controlling 90% of all oil in the United States at his peak.[a] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-5) Adjusting for inflation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation), his fortune upon his death in 1937 stood at $336 billion, accounting for more than 1.5% of the national economy, making him the richest person in US history (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures).[4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-Fortune-4)[5] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-6)[6] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-7)[7] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-8)
Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement at his estate, Kykuit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kykuit), in Westchester County (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County), New York (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York). His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy. He was able to do this through the creation of foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education and scientific research.[8] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-9) His foundations pioneered the development of medical research and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm) and yellow fever (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever).
Rockefeller was also the founder of both the University of Chicago (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago) and Rockefeller University (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University) and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Philippine_University) in the Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines). He was a devoted Northern Baptist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA) and supported many church-based institutions. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life.[9] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-10) He was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, where he taught Sunday school, and served as a trustee, clerk, and occasional janitor.[10] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow199852-11)[11] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-Oil_Patch_Asia-12) Religion was a guiding force throughout his life, and Rockefeller believed it to be the source of his success. Rockefeller was also considered a supporter of capitalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism) based in a perspective of social darwinism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_darwinism), and is often quoted saying "The growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest)."[12] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Hofstadter1992Social_Darwinism_in_ American_ThoughtBeacon_PressSep_145-13)[13] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#cite_note-14)
Contents [hide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller#)]
mick silver
5th November 2015, 11:50 AM
Social DarwinismFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discrimination) on
Discrimination (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination)
General forms[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
Age (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism)
Caste (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste)
Class (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_discrimination)
Color (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color)
Disability (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism)
Genotype (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_discrimination)
Height (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_discrimination)
Hair (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture)
Language (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination)
Looks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookism)
Mental type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism_(discrimination))
Race / ethnicity / nationality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism)
Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankism)
Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination)
Sex / Gender (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism)
Sexuality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexualism)
Size (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeism)
Species (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism)
Specific forms
Social[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
AIDS stigma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS)
Adultism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultism)
Anti-albinism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism)
Anti-communism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism)
Anti-homelessness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_the_homeless)
Anti-intellectualism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism)
Anti-left handedness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people)
Anti-Masonry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonry)
Antisemitism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism)
Audism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audism)
Binarism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_towards_non-binary_gender_persons)
Biphobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphobia)
Cronyism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronyism)
Elitism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism) (academic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_tower))
Ephebiphobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebiphobia)
Fatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fat_bias)
Genderism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderism)
Gerontophobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontophobia)
Handicapism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapism)
Heteronormativity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronormativity)
Heterosexism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexism)
Homophobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia)
Leprosy stigma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy_stigma)
Lesbophobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbophobia)
Mentalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism_(discrimination))
Misandry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misandry)
Misogyny (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny)
Nepotism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism)
Pedophobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_children)
Reverse discrimination (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_discrimination)
Sectarianism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism)
Shadism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadism)
Transphobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia)
Xenophobia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia)
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Bumfights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumfights)
Blood libel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel)
Class conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict)
Compulsory sterilization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization)
Counterjihad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterjihad)
Cultural genocide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_genocide)
Democide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democide)
Disability hate crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_hate_crime)
Economic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_discrimination)
Eliminationism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminationism)
Employment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination)
Enemy of the people (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people)
Ethnic cleansing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing)
Ethnic joke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_joke)
Ethnocide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocide)
Forced conversion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion)
Freak show (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show)
Gay bashing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bashing)
Gendercide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendercide)
Genital mutilation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation)
Genocide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (examples (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history))
Group libel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation)
Hate crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime)
Hate group (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group)
Hate speech (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech)
Homeless dumping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_dumping)
Housing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_discrimination)
Indian rolling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rolling)
LGBT hate crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people)
Lavender scare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_scare)
Lynching (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching)
McCarthyism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism)
Mortgage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination)
Name and shame (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_and_shame)
Murder Music (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music)
Occupational segregation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_segregation)
Pogrom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom)
Purge (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge)
Race war (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_war)
Red Scare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare)
Religious persecution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution)
Scapegoating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoating)
Segregation academies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academy)
Sex-selective abortion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion)
Slavery (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery)
Slut-shaming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slut-shaming)
Trans bashing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_bashing)
Victimisation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimisation)
Wife selling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_selling)
Witch-hunt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-hunt)
White flight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight)
Policies[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
Segregation: by age (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_segregation) / racial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation) /
religious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_segregation) / by sex (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_segregation)
Age of candidacy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_candidacy)
Blood quantum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws)
"Cleanliness of blood" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre)
Apartheid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid)
Ethnocracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocracy)
Gender roles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role)
Gerontocracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontocracy)
Ghetto benches (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_benches)
Internment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment)
Jewish quota (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_quota)
Jim Crow laws (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws)
Law for Protection of the Nation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation)
MSM blood donor controversy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men_blood_donor_controversy)
Numerus clausus
(as religious or racial quota) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_clausus)
Nuremberg Laws (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws)
One-drop rule (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule)
Racial quota (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_quota)
Racial steering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_steering)
Redlining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining)
Same-sex marriage
(laws and issues prohibiting) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage)
Sodomy law (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_law)
Ugly law (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_law)
Other forms[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
Pregnancy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination)
Supremacism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism)
(Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world)
Black (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_supremacy)
White (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy))
Countermeasures[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
Affirmative action (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action)
Cultural assimilation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation)
Desegregation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation)
Diversity training (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_training)
Empowerment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment)
Ethnopluralism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnopluralism)
Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights)
Intersex rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights)
Multiculturalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism)
Racial integration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration)
Self-determination (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination)
Social integration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_integration)
Toleration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration)
Related topics[show] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#)
Allophilia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophilia)
Anti-cultural sentiment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-cultural,_anti-national,_and_anti-ethnic_terms)
Assimilation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation)
Bias (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias)
Bigotry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotry)
Diversity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_(politics))
Ethnic penalty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_penalty)
Eugenics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics)
Multiculturalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism)
Intersectionality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality)
Neurodiversity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodiversity)
Oppression (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression)
Police brutality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality)
Political correctness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness)
Prejudice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice)
Religious intolerance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_intolerance)
Religious persecution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution)
Stereotypes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype)
White privilege (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_privilege)
Racial bias in criminal news (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Disclogo1.svg/16px-Disclogo1.svg.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disclogo1.svg) Discrimination portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Discrimination)
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Social Darwinism is a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom), North America (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America), and Western Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe) in the 1870s, which claim to apply biological concepts of natural selection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection) and survival of the fittest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest) to sociology and politics.[1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-Riggenbach-1)[2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-2) Economically, social Darwinists argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Different social Darwinists have differing views about which groups of people are considered to be the strong and which groups of people are considered to be the weak, and they also hold different opinions about the precise mechanism that should be used to reward strength and punish weakness. Many such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire) capitalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism), while others are claimed to have motivated ideas of eugenics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics), racism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism), imperialism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism),[3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-TCL-3) fascism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism), Nazism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism), and struggle between national or racial groups.[4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-4)[5] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-5)
The term social Darwinism gained widespread currency when used after 1944 by opponents of these earlier concepts. The majority of those who have been categorised as social Darwinists, did not identify themselves by such a label.[6] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-h428-6)
Creationists (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism) have often maintained that social Darwinism—leading to policies designed to reward the most competitive—is a logical consequence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence) of "Darwinism" (the theory of natural selection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection) in biology). Some Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal to nature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_nature), since the theory of natural selection is merely intended as a description of a biological phenomenon and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon is good or that it ought to be used as a moral guide in human society. While most scholars recognize some historical links between the popularisation of Darwin's theory and forms of social Darwinism, they also maintain that social Darwinism is not a necessary consequence of the principles of biological evolution.[7] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-7)
Scholars debate the extent to which the various social Darwinist ideologies reflect Charles Darwin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin)'s own views on human social and economic issues. His writings have passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism, while other passages appear to promote it.[8] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-8) Some scholars argue that Darwin's view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from other theorists such as Herbert Spencer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer).[9] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-9) But Spencer's Lamarckian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism) evolutionary ideas about society were published before Darwin first published his theory, and both promoted their own conceptions of moral values. Spencer supported laissez-faire capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self-improvement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help) which could be inherited.[10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism#cite_note-10)
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