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Thread: Pizzagate

  1. #731
    Iridium
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    Re: Pizzagate

    from one of pat's videos above -

    see this link - lots of info - https://voat.co/v/pizzagate/1700113 (below is copy/paste from link showing some of the info)

    L'ENFANT ORPHANAGE with Huge Connection to a VA Contact and FREIGHT COMPANY! (pizzagate)

    submitted 1.2 days ago by Honeybee_

    WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfWQbKEfGzsYouTube

    Previous Videos about L'enfant and Alefantis connection: https://youtu.be/MrBVSR6cfGIYouTube https://youtu.be/sDshfGKZ52cYouTube

    Echo Truths, noreturn4me, and I have been working on this. The weirdest L'enfant company thus far! It operates from Port Au Prince Haiti and has an office in Virginia. There is also a freight transport company located at THE SAME ADDRESS!! We have connected this to Alefantis, and wonder if this is a possible Child Human Trafficking Operation running from Haiti to DC.

    (https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_va/07350234)))) Centre Chretien de L'Enfant Haitien 499 STONEWALL ROAD CONCORD 24538 VA United States

    (http://haiti.adoption.com/foreign/ha...tsheet,10.html)))) ORPHANAGES RECOGNIZED BY THE IBESR

    (http://www.citizencommandcenter.org/...e)CentreCentre)) Chretien de l'enfant Haitien (ORPHANAGE)

    (https://www.bizapedia.com/va/agnm-le...plaza-llc.html)))) AGNM-L'ENFANT PLAZA, LLC

    (http://www.manta.com/c/mhwj0b6/elyon...on-company-llc)))) Elyon & Marc Transportation Company, LLC 499 Stonewall Road Concord, VA 24538

    (http://www.realtor.com/realestateand...8_M64953-97840)))) Listing for 499 Stonewall Rd Concord, VA 24538

    (https://www.facebook.com/Marctutu)))) Man who works for the freight company

    Original link: https://voat.co/v/pizzagate/1699709 To look back at comments

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    Re: Pizzagate

    gnostic media, mostly for Glass, i'm about 15 mins into it, VG. Their channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/GnosticMedia/videos


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    Re: Pizzagate

    The Pedophilia Problem

    Q. So, in the Intelligence community, how chaotic is the atmosphere now?

    A. In my 34 years of Governmental service, I have never seen anything like it. It’s the bifurcation of the entire intelligence apparatus.

    Q. It seems the intel community has it in for Trump – is this your feeling?

    A. There are many Trump supporters within the FBI. (The CIA, however, is against Trump because Trump threatens to ruin their game in the middle east.)
    Q. Can you elaborate?

    A. CIA and Mossad work in tandem with British intel. The goal for the CIA was to replace Assad with a puppet and to topple Iran so we could access their oil. Israel works closely with it’s “sister”, Saudi Arabia, to help this dark cause.
    Q. So it seems like the intel community has it in for Trump. How can he protect himself?
    A. Trump has a tremendous opportunity here, but needs to circle wagons. The travel ban included 7 countries chosen by both Jared Kushner and Rudy. Why did it not include Saudi Arabia, or Pakistan, or Turkey or other countries that hate us? The seven nations mentioned were chosen by Israel, that’s why. And the unspoken alliance of Israel and Saudi Arabia should be exposed. They are brother and sister. Jared Kushner needs to be careful with what he says and to whom. But, the biggest thing Trump can do is expose PedoGate via Sessions. Big names will go down hard, and it gets the blood suckers drained from the swamp. There are as many pedophiles on the Republican side as there is with democrats, but Trump is in a unique position to truly “clean up Dodge”, so to speak. I can tell you that what is in Anthony Weiner’s hard drive, and what videos exist via Jeffery Epstein, WILL BRING massive arrests – in time. Trump’s legacy could be truly great if he was to purge the CIA, stop the extortion, prosecute the pedophiles and reinstate the death penalty for pedo’s convicted a second time. Pedogate is his path to greatness.
    Q. How does Russia fit into all this?

    A. The CIA and Israel are responsible for the creation of Isis. Isis was created specifically to weaken Iran and destabilize Syria. It worked for awhile until Putin shored up Assad and bolstered Iranian Qud forces. The real reason you see such anti-Russian fever from both Schumer and McCain, Graham and Feinstein, is because the operation has blown up in our faces.
    Q. Is Israel behind the anti Russian sentiment?

    A. Yes. Israeli intelligence is furious with Trump, and will do anything to keep Trump from working with Putin. Understand that if Trump and Putin work together to defeat Isis, they are actually defeating a CIA/Mossad creation, and furthermore, Syria and Iran grow stronger, which the Saudis and the Israeli’s fear. Their goal was to divide Syria and ultimately destroy Iran’s regime. It is not just an oil grab, but a much bigger attempt at moving the chess pieces to allow Israel and Saudi Arabia to dominate the entire Middle East.
    Q. So they demonize Putin and try to tarnish the Trump administration?

    A. The Deep State is at war with both Trump and Putin. Understand that when Israeli intelligence hears “America first” from Trump, they go apeshit. Israel has bribed, extorted and intimidated our politicians for decades and suddenly this upstart billionaire threatens to ruin everything.
    Q. You mention the word extort. Does that relate to Pizzagate?

    A. PedoGate is only a modern term associated with a long history of Pedo-blackmail connected to both Israel and the Intel community. There is a full court press to stop PedoGate from being looked at because if people knew the true motives behind the pedophilia epidemic, they would do more than march on Washington. They could actually seed a revolution, with the spark coming from decent American parents who want to protect their kids. Our politicians are compromised. The senior analyst nicknamed “FBI Anon” alluded to this in his exchange with folks on 4chan and with you.
    Q. What do you mean compromised?

    A. Do you notice 2 central themes running through the MSM lately? Those themes are “Fear the Russians” and “#PizzaGate is fake news“. Both tropes come from the same place.
    Q. Can you explain?

    A. How do we exert power? Via fear. Do you ever wonder why both Democrats and Republicans fall all over themselves to kiss up to Israel? Odd, since Israel is the size of Rhode Island… The fact is, many of our politicians – on both sides – have been compromised by CIA and Mossad for years. It’s actually not admiration they are expressing for Israel, but fear. Notice Lindsay Graham and Chuck Schumer repeating the same salute when it comes to Israel. How does that even happen? The American people are finally seeing that there is no two-party system, but one big shadow Government pretending we have political dichotomy.
    Q. So PedoGate is real and “they” have to get Americans to disbelieve it?

    A. Let me explain how threatening PedoGate is… Who wins? Trump. Putin. Americans. Russians. The world…. Who loses? Israel, since they no longer can blackmail our politicians, the same goes for the CIA. The Shadow Government loses. But, the people win.
    Q. Can you give me specific instances of politicians being compromised by Israel?
    A. Sure. Lolita Island. Jeffery Epstein, a billionaire convicted of pedophilia received a soft sentence. His island was rigged with video recorders. Many politicians have been compromised. It was a Mossad/CIA operation. Contact ex-senior CIA CCS, Robert David Steele. Bob knows and has even spoken about this with numerous reporters.
    Q. So an ex-CIA senior agent named Robert Steele is on record saying Epstein’s island was a honey trap to lure our most powerful politicians into a extortion scheme?
    A. Yes. There are videos of some of the most powerful players in the most humiliating positions. If this gets out, not only are the politicians ruined, but the extortion game is over and suddenly, the influence CIA and Mossad wield over Washington, is gone.
    Q. Wow ! Now its all making sense.

    A. Yes. lets continue this conversation later.

    The interview resumes

    Q. So I checked out Robert David Steele, and he mentions Chuck Schumer being on Lolita Island. So does FBI anon. Is that why Schumer is targeting Trump’s cabinet picks?
    A. Connect the dots.

    Q. How many other politicians have been secretly extorted?

    A. One in three, roughly. It’s not just the Island, its all of their activities. The reason #Pedogate terrifies the media, the CIA, the Israel Lobby, is because they are all part of this “shadow swamp”
    Q. Former CIA agent, Robert Steele, says Mossad operated Lolita Island and CIA worked with them. That’s treason on all levels.
    A. Yes, and its espionage. Just as these leaks from the intel community regarding Flynn. I expect that at some later moment, Trump will leak some of these videos
    Q. Wait. Trump has videos of politicians in ‘delicate” situations?

    A. No, But the Intel community has them, and Trump has strong support among certain players in the community. Trump has said he wants to “throw a spotlight on the cockroaches”.
    Q. But Trump just met with Netanyahu and pledged the usual unbreakable bond with Israel.
    A. Theatre. Netanyahu is desperate to both play Trump into attacking Syria,and hate Putin, and to convince him PedoGate is a conspiracy theory.

    Q. That is what Robert Steele says, as well. So, exposing the Pedophiles diminishes Israel’s influence in American politics and also changes the map in a critical mass way?
    A. The same media screaming “The Russians are coming” is the same media who says “Pizzagate is fake news” That’s CIA and Mossad talking points.
    Q. How do social media giants like Facebook and Google fit in?

    A. Facebook and CIA are literally the same petri-dish. Google became a Deep State organ courtesy of Eric Schmidt.
    Q. Getting back to the Pedo stuff, FBI anon said in July of last year, that the Clinton Foundation sold secrets to foreign nations. Did they also engage in PizzaGate?

    A. There are videos of WJC that would destroy him. FBI anon leaked weeks ago, on purpose. There was a reason.
    Q. Ok, FBI anon gave Schumers initials, and Barnet Frank and others, but so far we have only seen low level arrests.

    A . FBI anon did a “bank shot”. That’s a pool hall term we use. Ask Bob about it. FBI Anon rattled their cages as other DHS and local authorities rounded up all sorts of street-level human traffickers. The big arrests will come in time, but first the small fish are interrogated, and provide information that leads to larger fish. FBI Anon was firing a shot across the bow, much like you shake a beehive to infuriate the bees. Notice how blatantly hostile McCain, Schumer, Graham, and others are? It was what we call a “targeted trigger“.


    It worked. By long-kniving Flynn, they exposed their hand. Now, Trump has full executive powers to investigate the CIA and Mossad. Notice how there is sound and fury about “Russian influence” and utter silence on “Mossad” influence in our power structure?


    When FBI anon leaked in early July, the whole idea was to expose the Clinton Foundation,and to hint at the sale of “people” i.e. Pedogate. Look back at his exchange on 4chan. He is a gifted analyst, and knows just what stone to throw at Goliath’s noggin. By triggering the shadow Government, he helps citizen journalists ask the right questions and follow the right breadcrumbs, not the rabbit holes the Elite scum want you to follow.


    Now, PedoGate victims are speaking out on their experiences! You just had a story on some lady who went through having her family abused by California-Deep-State-sponsored terrorism. If folks knew that CPS in California is tied into a huge racket that kidnaps children from parents, they would realize just how sick this is. Foster homes, CPS, etc… all get paid well to jail parents and then snatch their kids away. These kids suffer abuse, and perpetuate the growing cancer called pedogate. Politicians who have pedophile tendencies are groomed for power, because they can be later extorted and controlled. Meanwhile, victims have no voice- until now. Suddenly, we have citizen journalism, and it will end up saving the people, in the end.

    I have to go, but please contact Robert David Steele, the former CIA agent we discussed. I am sure he would appear on your channel. You are providing a real service to the people and we hope you will continue to speak up for the regular folks who are concerned, rightfully, as to the state of our nation. Take care



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  6. #734
    Unobtanium PatColo's Avatar
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    Re: Pizzagate

    ^ wow, great stuff, Old Steel! I'm reeling at how perfectly all that fits with my intuitive understanding, years in the making.

    But why do I find myself still looking at Robert Steele with a jaundiced eye? "EX" CIA? Is there such a thing? And he's been making the rounds of the major alt-media outlets freely, for years (decade+); but seeing his big pear-shaped face as featured alt-media guest has really exploded these past few months! Why the freedom to function unmolested?

    a few recent R.D.Steele appearances,

    David Zublick:

    https://i.ytimg.com/vi/HmxE8EdJy9o/h...J01_8S73LValkY 38:20
    Deep State To PizzaGate: Truth Unsealed - Robert David Steele


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    Victurus Libertas,




    https://assets.podomatic.net/ts/34/c...jpg?1488899017
    Robert David Steele on Pedogate, Fake News and Donald Trump
    1h 2m
    Jan 18


    Richie Allen,

    https://i.ytimg.com/vi/seWGTk5_liQ/h...t1Kn2vlZDCRQ8g 40:51
    Robert Steele "I'll Tell Trump To Dismantle The NSA & Deep State Or It Is All Over For him!"


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    Hagemann:

    https://i.ytimg.com/vi/AgqKs1UudRc/h...SZYtxkCQeZJnt8 53:03
    Deep State - Robert David Steele on The Hagmann Report Updated 2/25/17


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    Re: Pizzagate

    ^ having listened to the Zublick/Steele interview above now, interesting that Steele says that the (supposed?) mass arrests of low/street level pedo traffickers recently, was to enable interrogating them, getting info re those higher up the food chain... and then swooping down and mass arresting the uppers. Hopeful thought, at least?

    I think for every upper level pedo they nabbed, there'd be 2-3 upper level suicides. Those types already know where they're going as their eternal afterlife; they just don't wanna live in a concrete box, being Bubba's SRA bitch, for their remaining time hereabouts.


    honeybee,

    https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gmwSAjnVIxM/h...HS8vnCm4OH5WWA 13:56
    Facebook and Vidme are EVIL


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    1h 5m:
    Industrial Scale Child Trafficking And Psychopaths, Vinny Eastwood On Dog Comet With Chase Nichols
    In this conversation Chase and Vinny go over topics such as do-it-yourself activist video production, industrialized levels of child sex trafficking and the importance of spreading the word so we can stop it and the connection of narcissism and psychopaths.
    MP3: http://www.thevinnyeastwoodshow.com/...chols_2017.mp3




    here's an interesting little tangent: If you're unawares, duckduckgo.com search:
    Project Bluebeam (he does explain this in the following vid)
    Podesta disclosure alien extraterrestrial

    from that young vlogger

    "
    https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UA8VNiOraJI/h...aNBgPuLlz5FD3c 9:45
    Due to Pizzagate and Vault 7, Beware of a False Flag UFO Disclosure


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    I commented there,


    Destroying, not sure if you're aware, or if this would have any connection/relevance should your Project Bluebeam suspicions materialize; but John Podesta has apparently had a years long relationship with "Extraterrestrial Disclosure", which got the ET community quite excited, long before the pizza-pedogate iceberg emerged last Oct. There were even ET related emails in last Oct's dump... Search these factoids up! I often think how, to be an elite pedo/SRA/murderer/cannibal like PedoSta; you can't be of this earth or race... so l"d assume he does know stuff...
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    Iridium Dachsie's Avatar
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    Re: Pizzagate

    ...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edCA9wteFqc...




    US Will Be Forced To Accept A Devalued Domestic Dollar, That's When The Crisis Hits:Jim Willie
    X22Report Spotlight
    X22Report Spotlight
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    Today's Guest: Jim Willie

    Website:
    http://goldenjackass.com

    Very good in its entirety but

    Willie says Kissinger and the Israeli Mossad are the top ring leaders of the pedophile networks

    Start listening at 27:03 "By the way..."

    ends about 31:00

    I sure like what Willie said about making distinctions when using the word "pedophile."

    When a 12 year old girl is multiple raped, tortured and then dies, that is not "pedophilia"

    Willie calls it

    Child sacrifice and murder on the Satanic altar and so does Trump "

    ____________

    Pilosi is in on the Satanic filth child sacrifice stuff and here is a piece about here
    Califonia restaurant named Goat Hill and the goats head logo of the restaurant where they sell Goat Hill Pizza.

    ...http://magafeed.com/guccifer-2-0-nan...front-company/...

    http://s3.amazonaws.com/localon_user...8474769949.png

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  10. #737
    Iridium monty's Avatar
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    Re: Pizzagate

    Someone else mentioned Pelosi's Goat Hill Pizza when the Comet Ping Pong/Podesta news first broke. Others besides Jim Willie are calling for a dollar devaluation also.
    The only thing declared necessary in the Constitution & Bill of Rights is the #2A Militia of the several States.
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    Iridium Dachsie's Avatar
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    Re: Pizzagate

    Monty could you please what you mean by Willie is calling for a dollar devaluation -- in very very simple terms.

    I thought the value, which I understand to mean the actual purchasing power of the dollar, of the dollar was already at a ridiculously all-time low. So you apparently are saying Willie is calling for some kind OFFICIAL devaluation value to be put on the record. How / where is that done and what's the use of doing that if the dollar already only will purchase what it will purchase regardless of official value posted somewhere.

    I try to reason these things out but I just needs things explained very very simply.

  12. #739
    Iridium monty's Avatar
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    Re: Pizzagate

    Daschie,

    When the say dollar devaluation I believe they are refering to the value of the dollar relative to other currencies. There is a "dollar index" which is the value of the dollar versus international curriencies. Currently it is about 1.02. Before the Ukrainian crisis the dollar was about 0.74 on the index. After the sanctions on Russia and the collapse of the price of oil the dollar jumped to the 1.00 range where it is trading today.

    I am not really the one to explain all this high finance stuff. There are experts on this forum who can explain to you in a way youmwill understand.


    The US Dollar Index Explained – Part 1

    By Paul Milnes, 23/09/2013
    http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...mages/shim.gif http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...mages/shim.gif http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...mages/shim.gif0 http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...mages/shim.gif2 http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...mages/shim.gif

    Because currencies are always traded in pairs, they are most often spoken about as moving up or down against other currencies, rather than getting stronger or weaker in their own right. However, when you read a forex news report about the US dollar, you will often hear about something called the ‘dollar index’, or the dollar strengthening or weakening against a ‘basket’ of currencies. For example, in the news items on Traders DNA, we often include charts of the US dollar index, and talk about the dollar first and foremost in these terms. Today, we’re going to explain exactly what this is, and why forex traders should pay attention to it.
    What is the USDX?
    The US dollar index (USDX) is a method for gauging the relative strength of the dollar, in much the same way as the FTSE 100 can be used to gauge the relative strength of the UK stock market. It’s basically an average of the exchange rates between the dollar and a ‘basket’ of six other major currencies, with some of these currencies having more importance than others. These are the:
    Euro (EUR)
    Japnesese yen (JPY)
    British pound (GBP)
    Canadian dollar (CAD)
    Swedish krona (SEK)
    Swiss franc (CHF)
    This accounts for the currencies of 22 countries, with 17 of these using the same currency (the euro). Although these countries only account for a small proportion of the global population, there are many other currencies in the world that mirror the US dollar index quite closely, which makes the index a very useful tool for measuring the global strength of the US dollar.
    Because some currencies are used by larger economies than others – with the eurozone economy being much larger than Sweden’s, for example – some currencies are assigned more importance in how the USDX is calculated. This importance, known as ‘weighting’, is worked out on a percentage basis. The following chart demonstrates the current weighting of currencies in the dollar index basket:
    http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...-pie-chart.jpgChart showing the relative importance of the currencies in the US dollar index

    As we can see from the chart, the euro – used by 17 countries – is by far the most important currency in the basket. The next most important is the yen, which makes sense because Japan has one of the biggest economies in the world, and the only country in South-East Asia to have a currency that is considered one of the ‘Major’ currencies. The remaining four make up less than 30% of the USDX. The importance of the euro means that, when EUR/USD rises, the USDX tends to fall – unless there has been a particularly major market-moving event involving one of the other five currencies.
    USDX Chart
    http://www.tradersdna.com/wp-content...aper-Slump.jpgUS Dollar Index September 19, 2013
    Source: FXstreet.com


    Above, you can see an example of a USDX chart. The index is calculated 24 hours a day, five days a week – reflecting the trading hours of the global forex market as a whole. Also, it measures the value of the dollar relative to a base of 100. This means that, when the dollar index began in 1973, shortly after the dismantling of the Bretton Woods system, it had a nominal value of 100.
    That means that, when the chart above was taken, the dollar index had fallen 19.82% since the start of the index (80.1800 – 100). If the reading was 121.320, that would mean that the dollar’s value had risen by 21.32% since the index began (121.320 – 100).
    How is the U.S. Dollar Index Worked Out?
    While you probably won’t ever feel the need to perform this calculation yourself, here is the calculation that is used to work out the USDX value:
    USDX = 50.14348112 × EUR/USD^(-0.576) × USD/JPY^(0.136) × GBP/USD^(-0.119) × USD/CAD^(0.091) × USD/SEK^(0.042) × USD/CHF^(0.036)
    Trade-Weighted Dollar Index
    The USDX is very useful for forex traders because it tells you how strong the dollar is against other major currencies. However, because it is so heavily weighted towards the euro, it doesn’t always paint an accurate picture of the dollar’s true global strength, particularly in terms of how competitively priced US goods are against those of other countries. That’s why the Federal Reserve invented a new kind of dollar index in 1998 called the ‘trade-weighted U.S. dollar index’.

    091) × USD/SEK^(0.042) × USD/CHF^(0.036)

    Continued : http://www.tradersdna.com/education/...lained-part-1/
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    “A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a freeState”
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    Re: Pizzagate

    Quote Originally Posted by Dachsie View Post
    Monty could you please what you mean by Willie is calling for a dollar devaluation -- in very very simple terms.

    I thought the value, which I understand to mean the actual purchasing power of the dollar, of the dollar was already at a ridiculously all-time low. So you apparently are saying Willie is calling for some kind OFFICIAL devaluation value to be put on the record. How / where is that done and what's the use of doing that if the dollar already only will purchase what it will purchase regardless of official value posted somewhere.

    I try to reason these things out but I just needs things explained very very simply.

    The New York Fed's explanation:

    https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthef...int/fed38.html

    Currency Devaluation and Revaluation


    • Under a fixed exchange rate system, devaluation and revaluation are official changes in the value of a country's currency relative to other currencies. Under a floating exchange rate system, market forces generate changes in the value of the currency, known as currency depreciation or appreciation.


    • In a fixed exchange rate system, both devaluation and revaluation can be conducted by policymakers, usually motivated by market pressures.


    • The charter of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) directs policymakers to avoid "manipulating exchange rates...to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members."

    At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, international leaders sought to insure a stable post-war international economic environment by creating a fixed exchange rate system. The United States played a leading role in the new arrangement, with the value of other currencies fixed in relation to the dollar and the value of the dollar fixed in terms of gold—$35 an ounce. Following the Bretton Woods agreement, the United States authorities took actions to hold down the growth of foreign central bank dollar reserves to reduce the pressure for conversion of official dollar holdings into gold.

    During the mid- to late-1960s, the United States experienced a period of rising inflation. Because currencies could not fluctuate to reflect the shift in relative macroeconomic conditions between the United States and other nations, the system of fixed exchange rates came under pressure.

    In 1973, the United States officially ended its adherence to the gold standard. Many other industrialized nations also switched from a system of fixed exchange rates to a system of floating rates. Since 1973, exchange rates for most industrialized countries have floated, or fluctuated, according to the supply of and demand for different currencies in international markets. An increase in the value of a currency is known as appreciation, and a decrease as depreciation. Some countries and some groups of countries, however, continue to use fixed exchange rates to help to achieve economic goals, such as price stability.

    Under a fixed exchange rate system, only a decision by a country's government or monetary authority can alter the official value of the currency. Governments do, occasionally, take such measures, often in response to unusual market pressures. Devaluation, the deliberate downward adjustment in the official exchange rate, reduces the currency's value; in contrast, a revaluation is an upward change in the currency's value.
    For example, suppose a government has set 10 units of its currency equal to one dollar. To devalue, it might announce that from now on 20 of its currency units will be equal to one dollar. This would make its currency half as expensive to Americans, and the U.S. dollar twice as expensive in the devaluing country. To revalue, the government might change the rate from 10 units to one dollar to five units to one dollar; this would make the currency twice as expensive to Americans, and the dollar half as costly at home.

    Under What Circumstances Might a Country Devalue?
    When a government devalues its currency, it is often because the interaction of market forces and policy decisions has made the currency's fixed exchange rate untenable. In order to sustain a fixed exchange rate, a country must have sufficient foreign exchange reserves, often dollars, and be willing to spend them, to purchase all offers of its currency at the established exchange rate. When a country is unable or unwilling to do so, then it must devalue its currency to a level that it is able and willing to support with its foreign exchange reserves.

    A key effect of devaluation is that it makes the domestic currency cheaper relative to other currencies. There are two implications of a devaluation. First, devaluation makes the country's exports relatively less expensive for foreigners. Second, the devaluation makes foreign products relatively more expensive for domestic consumers, thus discouraging imports. This may help to increase the country's exports and decrease imports, and may therefore help to reduce the current account deficit.

    There are other policy issues that might lead a country to change its fixed exchange rate. For example, rather than implementing unpopular fiscal spending policies, a government might try to use devaluation to boost aggregate demand in the economy in an effort to fight unemployment. Revaluation, which makes a currency more expensive, might be undertaken in an effort to reduce a current account surplus, where exports exceed imports, or to attempt to contain inflationary pressures.

    Effects of Devaluation
    A significant danger is that by increasing the price of imports and stimulating greater demand for domestic products, devaluation can aggravate inflation. If this happens, the government may have to raise interest rates to control inflation, but at the cost of slower economic growth.

    Another risk of devaluation is psychological. To the extent that devaluation is viewed as a sign of economic weakness, the creditworthiness of the nation may be jeopardized. Thus, devaluation may dampen investor confidence in the country's economy and hurt the country's ability to secure foreign investment.

    Another possible consequence is a round of successive devaluations. For instance, trading partners may become concerned that a devaluation might negatively affect their own export industries. Neighboring countries might devalue their own currencies to offset the effects of their trading partner's devaluation. Such "beggar thy neighbor" policies tend to exacerbate economic difficulties by creating instability in broader financial markets.

    Since the 1930s, various international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have been established to help nations coordinate their trade and foreign exchange policies and thereby avoid successive rounds of devaluation and retaliation. The 1976 revision of Article IV of the IMF charter encourages policymakers to avoid "manipulating exchange rates...to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members." With this revision, the IMF also set forth each member nation's right to freely choose an exchange rate system.

    September 2011
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